Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What is the musculoskeletal system?
Body system that consists of the bones, joints, connective tissue, and muscles
What is the skeletal system?
System of the body consisting of bone and cartilage that supports and protects the body
Bones serve as _____ that transmit muscular forces.
Levers
The _______ protects the body’s organs.
Skeletal system
What is the axial skeleton?
Bones consisting of the skull, spine, ribs and sternum
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones consisting of the upper and lower extremities, including the pelvic and shoulder girdles
What are the 3 layers of the bone?
- Bone marrow
- Compact bone
- Periosteum
____ bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Red
____ bone marrow primarily stored fat cells.
Yellow
Nerves and blood vessels run through passages in the _____ bone layer.
Compact
Compact bone is comprised mainly of ____ and ____.
Calcium; minerals
The ___ is a layer of specialized connective tissue that acts as the “skin” of the bone.
Periosteum
What are the 5 main categories of bones.
- Flat bones
- Short bones
- Long bones
- Sesamoid
- Irregular
What are some examples of flat bones?
- Ilium
- Ribs
- Sternum
- Clavicle
- Scapula
What are some examples of short bones?
- Carpals
2. Tarpals
What are some examples of long bones?
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Femur
- Radius
- Ulna
- Humerus
What are some examples of sesamoid bones?
Musculotendinous unit’s in the patella and flexor tendons of the toe and thumb
What are some examples of irregular bones?
- Ischium
- Pubis
- Maxilla
- Vertebra
What is a joint?
Point where two bones connect
What is synovial fluid?
Fluid that lubricates the smooth cartilage in joints
What are the two major classifications of joints?
- Synarthrodial
2. Diarthrodial
What are the 6 classifications of diarthrodial joints?
- Arthrodial
- Condyloidal
- Enarthrodial
- Giglymus
- Sellar
- Trochoidal
Describe arthrodial joints.
Permit limited gliding, include bones of the wrist and tarsometatarsal joints of the foot. Characterized by two flat, bony surfaces that press up against each other
Describe condyloidal joints.
Permit movement in two planes without rotation, include the wrist between the radius and proximal row of carpal bones and the second, third, fourth and fifth metacarpophalangeal joints
Describe enarthrodial joints.
Permit movement in all planes. Include the shoulder and hip joints
Describe ginglymus joints.
Permit a wide range of movement in one plane. Include hinge joints of the elbow, ankle and knee joint
Describe sellar joints.
Permit ball-and-socket movement with the exception of rotation. The thumb is the only sellar(saddle) joint in the body and is capable of reciprocal reception
Describe trochoidal joints.
Permit rotational movement around a long axis as with rotation of the radius at the radioulnar joint
What is collagen?
Fibrous protein that forms tough connective tissue
What are tendons?
Fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
What is a feedback loop?
Section of a control system that serves as a regulatory mechanism; return input as some of the output
What is ligament?
Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone, or bone to cartilage, to hold together and support joints
What is elastin?
Elastic fibrous protein found in connective tissue
What is cartilage?
Firm, elastic, flexible, white material found at the ends of ribs, between vertebrae, at joint surfaces, and in the nose and ears
What is a ballistic movement?
Muscle contractions that exhibit maximum velocities and accelerations over a very short period of time. Exhibit high firing rates, high force production and very brief contraction times
Based on functional and structural differences, muscle tissue is divided into what 3 types?
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
Describe cardiac muscle tissue.
Striated-involuntary muscle tissue, composed the walls of the heart
Describe smooth muscle tissue.
Smooth involuntary muscle tissue. Found in the walls of the tubular viscera of digestive, respiratory and genitourinary tracts, in walls of bloods vessels, erector muscle of hairs. Contract more slowly than striated muscle and therefore does not fatigue as easily
Describe skeletal muscle tissue.
Striated voluntary muscle tissue. Found attached to bones, in extrinsic eyeball muscles, and in the upper third portion of the esophagus.
What are myofilaments?
Elements of the muscle that actually shorten upon contraction; made up mainly of two types of protein: action and myosin
What is myosin?
Short, thick contractile filaments
What is actin?
Long, thin contractile filaments
Describe voluntary muscle tissue?
Receive nerve fibers from the somatic nervous system that can be voluntarily controlled; skeletal muscles
Describe involuntary muscle tissues.
Receive nerve fibers from the autonomic nervous system and cannot be voluntarily controlled, except in a few rare cases; the heart
What are muscle spindles?
Sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle; measured and delivers the quantity of muscle force needed to perform a given action
What are myofibrils?
Tiny fibrils that make up a single muscle fiber
What is sarcoplasm?
Jelly-like intracellular fluid found in the muscle fiber
What is the sliding filament theory?
Theory stating that a myofibril contracts by the actin and myosin filaments sliding over each other
What is an isotonic contraction?
Contraction in which the muscle shortens but retains constant tension
What is lactic acid?
Byproduct of glucose and glycogen metabolism(glycolysis) in anaerobic muscle energetics
What are type I muscle fibers?
Slow-twitch muscle fiber that generates ATP predominantly through the aerobic system of energy transfer
What are type IIa muscle fibers?
Fast-twitch muscle fiber subdivision characterized by a fast shortening speed and well-developed capacity for energy transfer from aerobic and anaerobic sources
What are type IIx muscle fibers?
Fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by the most rapid shortening velocity and greatest anaerobic potential
What are type IIc muscle fibers?
Fast-twitch fiber that results from the “fusion” of Type IIx with surrounding satellite cells
What is the size principle of fiber recruitment?
Principle stating that motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment thresholds and firing rates
Describe all-or-none reaction.
Concept stating that a unit is either completely relaxed or fully contracted; it is never partly contracted
What is the stretch reflex?
A built-in protective function of the neuromuscular system in the muscle spindle
What does aerobic mean?
Occurring with the use of oxygen, or requiring oxygen
What does anaerobic mean?
Occurring without the use of oxygen
What is hypertrophy?
An increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to strength training
What is capillarization?
An increase in size and number of tiny blood vessels surrounding cells
