Human Anatomy Flashcards
About 98% of the human body is composed of what 6 elements?
- Oxygen
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen
- Calcium
- Phosphorous
What are the 4 main tissues in the body?
- Muscle
- Nervous
- Connective
- Epithelial
What is tissue?
Collection of similar cells and their intracellular substances
What are fatty acids?
Monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable oils
What are triglycerides?
The storage form of fat made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol group
What is insulin?
A polypeptide hormone functioning in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates, and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers blood glucose levels
What is glucose?
Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body
The nucleus houses the ________ of the cell.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The human cells contains how many chromosomes?
46 chromosomes - 24 matching pairs
____ are the most numerous of cell organelles.
Ribosomes
____ is the powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondria
What is a glycogen granule?
Structure of the cell that stores glycogen and enzymes for glycogen breakdown and synthesis
What is gluconeogenesis?
Chemical process that converts lactate and pyruvate back into glucose
What is glycolysis?
The metabolic process that creates energy from the splitting of glucose to form pyruvic acid or lactic acid and ATP
What are the 4 groups of epithelial tissue?
- Squamous epithelium
- Cuboidal epithelium
- Columnar epithelium
- Glandular epithelial cells
Describe squamous epithelium.
Composed of one layer of flat cells. Located in the linings of the mouth, esophagus, and blood and lymphatic vessels. Substances can easily diffuse through this layer
Describe cuboidal epithelium.
Made of cube-shaped cells as found in the lining of kidney tubules
Describe columnar epithelium.
Resembles a column or pillar in shape. Widespread throughout the body, forming linings in the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Describe glandular epithelial cells.
Secrete mucus and hormones, such as those of the salivary and thymus glands
Describe connective tissue.
Serves to connect structures and provide support.
Connective tissue contains one or more of what three fibers?
- Collagen
- Reticular
- Elastic
What are collagen fibers?
Tough, strong fibers that form the major fibrous component of the skin, tendons, cartilage, ligaments and teeth. Gives connective tissue it’s versatility
Connective tissue is made up of what amino acids?
- Glycine
- Proline
- Lysine
- Hydroxyproline
- Hydroxylysine
What are reticular fibers?
Delicate, supportive fibers of connective tissue that occur in networks and support structures such as capillaries and nerve fibers
What are elastic fibers?
Extendible fibers that are designed to maintain elasticity, thus providing resilience in tissues such as skin, arteries and lungs
What are tendons?
Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
What are ligaments?
Connective tissue that connects bone to bone or bone to cartilage
Muscle tissue composed approximately ___ % PF an average man’s body weight, and ___% of an average woman’s body weight.
43, 34
What is nervous tissue?
Main component of the nervous system; CNS and PNS
The ____ and ____ make up the Central Nervous System(CNS).
Brain, spinal cord
What are neurons?
Conduct nerve impulses, register sensory impulses, and conduct motor impulses
What is neuroglia?
Consist of a delicate network of branched cells and fibers that supports the tissue of the Central Nervous System(CNS)
What is neurosecretory?
Large neurons that produce secretions, which travel along neuron axons and are typically released into the bloodstream. Function to translate neural signals into chemical stimuli in the body
What are the 10 principal systems of the body?
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Circulatory
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
What are the two subsystems of the circulatory system?
- Cardiovascular
2. Lymphatic
Describe the integumentary system.
Consists of the skin and it’s associated structures, such as the hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
Describe the skeletal system.
Consists of bone and cartilage that supports and protects the body
Describe the muscular system.
Consists of large skeletal muscles that allows us to move, cardiac muscle in the heart, and smooth muscle of the internal organs
Describe the nervous system.
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, sense organs and nerves. Regulates other systems
Describe the endocrine system.
Consists of the glands and tissues that release hormones. Works with the nervous system in regulating metabolic activities
Describe the circulatory system.
Consists of the heart and blood vessels that serve as the transportation system
Describe the lymphatic system.
Subsystem of the circulatory system, which protects the body from disease
Describe the respiratory system.
Consists of the lungs and air passageways that supply oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide
Describe the digestive system.
Consists of the digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices into the digestive tract. Responsible for breaking down foods and eliminating waste
Describe the urinary system.
Main excretory system of the body, consisting of kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra
Describe the reproductive system.
Consists of gonads, associated ducts, and external genitals concerned with sexual reproduction
What 6 principal systems are the most pertinent to health, physical fitness, and personal training?
- Respiratory
- Circulatory
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Skeletal
- Muscular
The air we breath is approximately ___% oxygen and ___% nitrogen.
21, 79
What is hemoglobin?
Oxygen-transporting protein found in blood cells
What is vital capacity?
The usable portion of the lungs
What is maximum minute volume?
Amount of air that a person can process during 1 minute of vigorous exercise.
What is residual volume?
The remainder of the air in the lungs after the usable lung volume has been measured
After taking a deep breath, most adults in moderately good physical condition and with healthy lungs, should be able to hold their breath for how long?
50 seconds or longer
Most individuals in average condition and with healthy lungs have a respiration rate between ____.
10-16 breaths per minute
What are the 4 main constituents of blood?
- Plasma
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Platelets
What is plasma?
The fluid portion of the blood
What are erythrocytes?
Blood cells that contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; biconcave disc that has no nucleus. Also known as “red blood cells”
What are leukocytes?
Cells whose primary function is to combat infections; also known as “white blood cells”
What are platelets?
Cytoplasmic body found in the blood plasma that functions to promote blood clotting
What is the average blood volume range in men?
5-6 liters
What is the average blood volume range in women?
4-5 liters
What is the composition of whole blood?
55% plasma
45% formed elements(erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets)
What are alveoli?
Capillary-rich air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
In response to aerobic conditioning, an average-sized person may increase their blood volume by how much?
1 quart
Describe the Law of Gaseous Diffusion.
States that a gas will move across a semipermeable membrane(alveolar, capillary) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
What is osmosis?
Scientific process of transferring fluid between molecules
What is diastolic pressure?
Pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels during the refilling of the heart
What is fat/lipid metabolism?
Metabolic process that breaks down ingested fats into fatty acids and glycerol and then into simpler compounds that can be used by cells of the body for general bodily function as well as energy production
What 3 things does training effect do for blood vessels?
- Enlarged them and makes them more pliable to pressure
- Increases their number for saturation coverage
- Helps keep their linings clear of corrosive materials
Define anaerobic.
Occurring without the use of oxygen
Define aerobic.
Occurring with the use of oxygen, or requiring oxygen
What is resting heart rate?
Number of times the heart beats in one minute
What is the resting heart rate of an average adult?
72 beats per minute
Conditioned people tend to have a resting heart rate of ___ bpm or less.
60
What is maximum heart rate (HR max)?
Highest rate at which an individual is capable
How can you determine HR max?
220 - Age = estimated HR max
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Automatic system that speeds up most activities in the body
What are adrenal glands?
Two glands that release hormones which helps the body cope with stress
What is stroke volume?
Volume of blood pumped out of the heart into the circulatory system by the left ventricle in one contraction
What is left ventricle ejection fraction?
% of blood inside the left ventricle pushed out into the body after contraction
What is maximal oxygen uptake (O2 max)?
Maximum usable portion of oxygen uptake over a period of time
What is digestion?
Process of mechanical or chemical breakdown of food into absorbable molecules
What are macronutrients?
Category of nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins and fats, that are present in foods in large amounts
What is fructose?
Fruit sugar
What is lipogenesis?
Formation of fat
The large intestine is about ___ feet long.
3
What is a nerve impulse?
Brief reversal of the membrane potential that sweeps along the membrane of a neuron
What are the 2 subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system(PNS)?
- Autonomic
2. Somatic
What is the efferent system?
System designed to cause action; consists of the somatic and autonomic systems
What is the afferent system?
Part of the PNS that sends messages to the CNS
What is the somatic system?
Responsible for voluntary action
What is the autonomic system?
Processes and activates involuntary action
Name the 3 classes of receptors in an afferent system(i.e. PNS).
- Proprioceptors
- Exteroceptors
- Interoceptors
Describe proprioceptors.
Responsible for picking up messages such as body position and movement. Located in joints, muscles, tendons and the inner ear
Describe exteroceptors.
Revive information from outside the body such as sight, touch, pressure and temperature. Located near the surface of the skin
Describe interoceptors.
Report inner body sensations such as hunger, thirst, pain, fatigue and nausea. Located in blood vessels and viscera
What are the 3 main things that the nervous system does for the body?
- Senses changed inside and outside the body
- Interprets those changes
- Responds to the interpretations by initiating action in the form of muscular contractions or glandular secretions
What is a contraction?
The shortening of a muscle or increase in tension
Describe the endocrine system.
Consists of glands and tissues that release hormones. Works with the nervous system in regulating metabolic activities
In what 3 ways do hormones act?
- Alter the rate of synthesis of cellular protein
- Change the rate of enzyme activity
- Change the rate of transport of nutrients through the cell wall
What is insulin?
A polypeptide hormone functioning in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level
The body has approximately ___ grams of blood-borne glucose circulating continuously.
10
What is glucagon?
Hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels, thus opposing the action of insulin
Describe growth hormone(HGH or hGH).
Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that affects skeletal growth rate and bodily weight gain
What is epinephrine?
Hormone produced by the adrenal gland that causes the flight-or-fight response
What is cortisol?
A corticosteroid that causes a breakdown of protein in the muscles
What is ketosis?
An abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the body; usually the result of a low-carbohydrate diet, fasting, or starvation
