MSK - Physiology - Membrane & Action Potentials; Ion Effects Flashcards
What is Ohm’s law?
V = IR
(voltage = current * resistance)
What does the Nernst equation show?
The potential difference (the voltage) of a single ion type across a cell membrane is related to the ion type’s concentration gradient
(I.e. the voltage is determined by the concentration gradient)
What does the Goldman (GHK) equation show?
Each ion’s Nernst potential contribution to the Emembrane is proportional to the membrane’s permeability for that ion
True/False.
Em and membrane voltage can be thought of as equivalent terms.
True.
What electrolytes and/or other substances provide most of the charge found on the outside of the cell?
(I.e. what electrolytes are found in high concentrations in the extracellular fluids?)
Na+
Cl<span>-</span>
What electrolytes and/or other substances provide most of the charge found on the inside of the cell?
(I.e. what electrolytes are found in high concentrations in the intracellular fluids?)
K+
proteins
What is the main ion pump maintaining cellular voltages?
The Na-K pump
What are normal serum Na+ levels?
What are normal serum K+ levels?
140 mM (135 - 145 mM)
4.6 mM (3.6 - 5.5 mM)
How are Nernst potentials generated?
Diffusion of ions down their concentration gradients
(e.g. K+ leaves the cell –> the cell becomes slightly more negative)
What two gradients are being balanced to produce a single ion’s Nernst potential?
An electrical and a chemical gradient
(e.g. K+ flows out along its concentration gradient, leaving behind an electrical gradient which draws K+ into the cell)
How much of the K+ inside a cell or Na+ outside the cell needs to move for a large change to occur in voltages?
An infinitesimal amount
(concentrations remain fairly constant)
What is the Nernst equation for K+?
EK = 60log10 (Ko / Ki)
From where does the ‘60log10’ in the Nernst equation come?
(EK = 60log10 (Ko / Ki))
RT / ZF ln = ~60
- Gas constant * absolute temperature*
- /*
- valence * Faraday’s constant*
_______ potentials are solved for individual ion potentials.
The __________ equation allows us to compare all these potentials on a single membrane.
Nernst;
Goldman (GHK)
What is the most important factor determing Em (membrane voltage) under physiological conditions?
The ratio of PK to PNa
(P = permeability)
How can membrane potentials (Em) change?
Change the ratio of Na+ to K+ permeability
(remember, Na and K concentrations hardly change at all –> only infinitesimal amounts move across membranes at any one time)
All cells in the body have a __ resting potential (Em).
This means all our cells are more influenced by __ than __.
-
K+, Na+
What resting Em would you find in an erythrocyte?
What resting Em would you find in a neuron?
What resting Em would you find in a cardiac myocyte?
- 10 mV
- 70 mV
- 90 mV
What would the Em (membrane potential) be if the charge outside and inside were the same?
0
(no potential difference = no voltage)
When the Em moves in a negative direction away from resting membrane potential, it is:
When the Em moves in a positive direction towards zero and away from resting potential, it is:
When the Em moves in a positive direction away from zero (the cell is now positive inside), it is:
Hyperpolarizing;
depolarizing;
a reversal of membrane potential (it has already depolarized)
If significantly small currents pass through excitable cells, what response do they have?
Passive return to resting potential
(action potential threshold not met)
If significantly large currents pass through excitable cells, what response do they have?
Active response / depolarization / action potential
(threshold surpassed)
How does a stimulated neuron’s membrane potential decrease as a function of distance/time down the axon if the stimulation did not reach the action potential threshold?
And if it did reach the threshold?
It decays exponentially;
there is no decay whatsoever
If you use a probe to stimulate an axon midway down its length, in which direction will the potential travel?
Both directions
(towards the synapse and towards the soma)
True/False.
Action potentials allow for graded responses.
False.
They are all-or-none responses
Which moves faster, an action potential or a different electronic potential (a subthreshold or hyperpolarizing stimulation)?
Electronic potentials
(action potentials are slower but don’t lose any potential with distance)
The Nernst equation tells us that individual ions have their own voltage based on ___________ gradients.
The Goldman (GHK) equation tells us that the permeability and ___________ of these ions together can be used to determine the ___.
Concentration;
Nernst potentials,
Em (membrane potential)
If you increase the permeability of a membrane towards a particular ion, what will happen to the overall Em (membrane potential)?
It will shift towards the Nernst potential for that ion