MSK - Physiology - Membrane & Action Potentials; Ion Effects Flashcards

1
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

A

V = IR

(voltage = current * resistance)

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2
Q

What does the Nernst equation show?

A

The potential difference (the voltage) of a single ion type across a cell membrane is related to the ion type’s concentration gradient

(I.e. the voltage is determined by the concentration gradient)

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3
Q

What does the Goldman (GHK) equation show?

A

Each ion’s Nernst potential contribution to the Emembrane is proportional to the membrane’s permeability for that ion

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4
Q

True/False.

Em and membrane voltage can be thought of as equivalent terms.

A

True.

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5
Q

What electrolytes and/or other substances provide most of the charge found on the outside of the cell?

(I.e. what electrolytes are found in high concentrations in the extracellular fluids?)

A

Na+

Cl<span>-</span>

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6
Q

What electrolytes and/or other substances provide most of the charge found on the inside of the cell?

(I.e. what electrolytes are found in high concentrations in the intracellular fluids?)

A

K+

proteins

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7
Q

What is the main ion pump maintaining cellular voltages?

A

The Na-K pump

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8
Q

What are normal serum Na+ levels?

What are normal serum K+ levels?

A

140 mM (135 - 145 mM)

4.6 mM (3.6 - 5.5 mM)

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9
Q

How are Nernst potentials generated?

A

Diffusion of ions down their concentration gradients

(e.g. K+ leaves the cell –> the cell becomes slightly more negative)

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10
Q

What two gradients are being balanced to produce a single ion’s Nernst potential?

A

An electrical and a chemical gradient

(e.g. K+ flows out along its concentration gradient, leaving behind an electrical gradient which draws K+ into the cell)

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11
Q

How much of the K+ inside a cell or Na+ outside the cell needs to move for a large change to occur in voltages?

A

An infinitesimal amount

(concentrations remain fairly constant)

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12
Q

What is the Nernst equation for K+?

A

EK = 60log10 (Ko / Ki)

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13
Q

From where does the ‘60log10’ in the Nernst equation come?

(EK = 60log10 (Ko / Ki))

A

RT / ZF ln = ~60

  • Gas constant * absolute temperature*
  • /*
  • valence * Faraday’s constant*
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14
Q

_______ potentials are solved for individual ion potentials.

The __________ equation allows us to compare all these potentials on a single membrane.

A

Nernst;

Goldman (GHK)

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15
Q

What is the most important factor determing Em (membrane voltage) under physiological conditions?

A

The ratio of PK to PNa

(P = permeability)

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16
Q

How can membrane potentials (Em) change?

A

Change the ratio of Na+ to K+ permeability

(remember, Na and K concentrations hardly change at all –> only infinitesimal amounts move across membranes at any one time)

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17
Q

All cells in the body have a __ resting potential (Em).

This means all our cells are more influenced by __ than __.

A

-

K+, Na+

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18
Q

What resting Em would you find in an erythrocyte?

What resting Em would you find in a neuron?

What resting Em would you find in a cardiac myocyte?

A
  • 10 mV
  • 70 mV
  • 90 mV
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19
Q

What would the Em (membrane potential) be if the charge outside and inside were the same?

A

0

(no potential difference = no voltage)

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20
Q

When the Em moves in a negative direction away from resting membrane potential, it is:

When the Em moves in a positive direction towards zero and away from resting potential, it is:

When the Em moves in a positive direction away from zero (the cell is now positive inside), it is:

A

Hyperpolarizing;

depolarizing;

a reversal of membrane potential (it has already depolarized)

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21
Q

If significantly small currents pass through excitable cells, what response do they have?

A

Passive return to resting potential

(action potential threshold not met)

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22
Q

If significantly large currents pass through excitable cells, what response do they have?

A

Active response / depolarization / action potential

(threshold surpassed)

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23
Q

How does a stimulated neuron’s membrane potential decrease as a function of distance/time down the axon if the stimulation did not reach the action potential threshold?

And if it did reach the threshold?

A

It decays exponentially;

there is no decay whatsoever

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24
Q

If you use a probe to stimulate an axon midway down its length, in which direction will the potential travel?

A

Both directions

(towards the synapse and towards the soma)

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25
Q

True/False.

Action potentials allow for graded responses.

A

False.

They are all-or-none responses

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26
Q

Which moves faster, an action potential or a different electronic potential (a subthreshold or hyperpolarizing stimulation)?

A

Electronic potentials

(action potentials are slower but don’t lose any potential with distance)

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27
Q

The Nernst equation tells us that individual ions have their own voltage based on ___________ gradients.

The Goldman (GHK) equation tells us that the permeability and ___________ of these ions together can be used to determine the ___.

A

Concentration;

Nernst potentials,

Em (membrane potential)

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28
Q

If you increase the permeability of a membrane towards a particular ion, what will happen to the overall Em (membrane potential)?

A

It will shift towards the Nernst potential for that ion

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29
Q

All cellular membrane potentials (Ems) can be found between the Nernst potentials for what two ions?

A

Sodium_______________________________________

0____________________________________________

Potassium_____________________________________

30
Q

What event triggers the changes in permeability to Na+ and K+ necessary for an action potential?

A

Membrane depolarization

31
Q

Upon membrane depolarization reaching threshold in a neuron, what are the three changes in permeability that occur next (in order)?

A

Sodium activation

Sodium inactivation

Potassium activation

32
Q

How can membrane depolarization be tightly controlled during an action potential?

A

Via voltage-gated channels

(ALL opened via membrane depolarization, but at different speeds –> first, Na+ activation, then Na+ inactivation, then K+ activation)

33
Q

Membrane polarization causes what to occur first in an action potential?

Membrane polarization causes what to occur second and third in an action potential?

A

1. Na+ activation (depolarization)

2. Na+ inactivation (repolarization)

3. K+ activation (repolarization)

34
Q

In an action potential, both Na+ and K+ channels will be opened.

Is there an inactivation of the Na+ channel?

Is there an inactivation of the K+​ channel?

A

Yes;

no

35
Q

In the resting state, are either of the activation or inactivation gates open on a sodium channel?

In the resting state, are either of the activation or inactivation gates open on a potassium channel?

A

Yes, the inactivation channel;

sort of - there is no inactivation gate

36
Q

Describe how a sodium channel’s activation and inactivation gates act from resting potential through an action potential and back to resting.

A
37
Q

Describe how a potassium channel’s activation and inactivation gates act from resting potential through an action potential and back to resting.

A
38
Q

If a neuron’s threshold lowers (becomes more negative), what happens to its excitability?

A

It increases

39
Q

What refractory period occurs when neuronal sodium channels first close?

What happens when they reset?

A

The absolute refractory period;

the relative refractory period

40
Q

When does the absolute refractory period end?

When does the relative refractory period end?

A

When Na+ channels reset;

when K+ channels close

41
Q

What umbrella term refers to diseases that result from defects in normal ion channel/gate function?

A

Channelopathies

42
Q

What type of Na+ channel inactivation occurs during an action potential?

What type of Na+ channel inactivation occurs between action potentials in response to new baseline resting potentials (changes in threshold / excitability)?

A

Transient inactivation;

steady-state inactivation

43
Q

Sodium channel gates open and close based off surrounding voltages.

How does steady-state inactivation of Na+ channels change threshold excitability?

A

Changes in baseline membrane resting potential (hyperpolarization or depolarization) can increase or decrease the number of inactivated sodium channels, thus changing a neuron’s excitability

44
Q

If you slightly depolarize a neuron (not quite to threshold) and just hold it there, what effect does this have on sodium channels in the membrane?

A

More channels are activated

(just moving up the curved line a bit in the attached graph)

45
Q

What three steps should one take in analyzing the effects of a change in ion concentration on membrane potentials?

(assuming one ion has changed)

A
  1. Calculate the change in Nernst potential
  2. Determine if the resting membrane potential has changed
  3. Determine the effects on action potentials
46
Q

What ion’s Nernst potential is the primary factor affecting cell membrane potentials (Em)?

A

K+

47
Q

What is the normal neuronal Nernst potential for Na+?

What will happen to this value in cases of hyponatremia?

(Use the Nernst equation)

A

+ 65 mV;

it will get closer and closer to zero

48
Q

What happens to action potentials in cases of hyponatremia?

(in terms of size and duration)

A

They have shorter peaks and longer durations

(On the attached graph, imagine an action potential taking place. The peak will be shorter and shorter as the E<span>Na </span>becomes less and less)

49
Q

True/False.

All voltage-gated sodium channels are triggered at the exact same voltages.

A

False.

There is a spectrum of easy-to-stimulate and difficult-to-stimulate channels

50
Q

When is a neuron’s membrane more permeable to sodium?

When is a neuron’s membrane more permeable to potassium?

A

During depolarization in an action potential;

during repolarization and at rest

51
Q

What happens to neuron excitability in cases of hypokalemia?

Why?

(NOTE: hypokalemia refers to decreasing extracellular K+)

A

They become hypoexcitable (less irritable);

the cell becomes hyperpolarized –> less sodium channels are open (left graph); although, there is a greater fraction of available sodium channels for recruitment to an action potential (right graph)

52
Q

Which is more likely to affect resting membrane potential, changes in K+ or Na+?

(Assume equal changes in either)

A

K+

(plasma membranes are more affected by K+ than Na+)

53
Q

What effect will hypernatremia have on a cell’s resting membrane potential?

What effect will this have on action potential peaks?

A

It will become more positive;

they increase;

54
Q

Changes in ________ concentration will typically have more dramatic effects on action potential peaks.

Changes in ________ concentration will typically have more dramatic effects on resting membrane potentials.

A

Sodium;

potassium

55
Q

As extracellular potassium levels increase, the EK moves towards or away from 0?

A

Towards

(as [Kout] / [Kin] approach 1, the equation below gets closer to the log of 1, which is 0)

Nernst equation = Ek = 60Log10 ([Kout] / [Kin])

56
Q

Use the Nernst equation (see below, but try to write it yourself first) to answer the following questions:

1. What effect will hyperkalemia have on resting membrane potentials and cell excitability.

2. What effect will hypokalemia have on resting membrane potentials and cell excitability.

Nernst equation = Ek = 60Log10 ([Kout] / [Kin])

A
  1. Hyperkalemia = depolarization, more irritable
  2. Hypokalemia = hyperpolarization, less irritable
57
Q

What is the normal neuronal Nernst potential for K+?

What will happen to this value in cases of hypokalemia?

(Use the Nernst equation)

A

-80 mV;

it will become more negative (hyperpolarize)

58
Q

What is the normal neuronal Nernst potential for K+?

What will happen to this value in cases of hyperkalemia?

(Use the Nernst equation)

A

-80 mV;

it will become less negative (depolarize)

59
Q

True/False.

Changing the resting membrane potential for any cell will affect the steady state Na+ channel curves for that cell.

(Attached below)

A

True.

60
Q

Which are more important, effects of activation or inactivation in steady-state Na+ channel control?

(Curves shown below)

A

Activation

61
Q

As a neuron’s threshold increases, excitability _________.

A

Decreases

62
Q

As a neuron’s threshold decreases, excitability _________.

A

Increases

63
Q

Explain why increasing amounts of extracellular K+ will cause increases in neuronal excitability up until a certain point where the increasing K+ inactivates the neurons.

(See image below)

A

First, more sodium channels are activated by the cell membrane depolarization;

at a certain point, too few channels remain available for recuitment to an action potential

64
Q

What effect does ischemia have on cell ion channels?

(Especially relevant in neurons)

What is the effect on Nernst potentials and Em?

A

Non-specific leak of all ions;

Nernst potentials and Em all approach 0

  • (sodium channels are inactivated, depolarizing blockade)*
  • (in addition, no energy is available to re-pump the ions to their correct concentrations)*
65
Q

Why does increasing extracellular potassium eventually result in smaller and smaller action potential peaks?

A

The cell’s resting membrane potential depolarizes more and more and so less and less sodium channels are available

(graph on right)

66
Q

True/False.

The amount of Ca2+ entering the nerve terminal is not related to the amount of neurotransmitter that is released.

A

False.

The more Ca2+ entering the terminal, the more product released into the synapse.

67
Q

What effect does increasing extracellular calcium have on excitable cell excitability?

Why/how?

A

It will decrease excitability;

it hinders flow through Na+ channels

(Note: in some cells, Ca2+ also opens calcium-gated K+ channels)

68
Q

Action potentials in the SA and AV nodes are exclusively dependent on what ion?

A

Ca2+

69
Q

The depolarization and plateau phases (phases 0 and 2) of ventricular action potentials are dependent on what ions?

A

Sodium and calcium

70
Q

Besides protection, what are the main functions of glial cells in terms of the extracellular neuronal environment?

Regulating:

A

[K+],

glutamate,

osmolytes,

etc.

71
Q

Why is it so important that glial cells tightly control extracellular K+ concentrations?

Why is it so important that glial cells tightly control extracellular glutamate?

A

To prevent increased cell depolarization and excitability;

same reason

72
Q

What would the value of Em be if the permeability of the cell membrane to Na+ was increased, such that PK = PNa?

A

Em = -15 mV

(If PK = PNa, the new Em lies halfway between EK and ENa)