Cardio - Histology - Vascular Tissue; Lymphoid Tissue Flashcards
What are the three layers (tunicas) of any blood vessel?
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia (externa)
The lumen is wider in which, arteries or veins of comparable size?
Veins
The wall is thicker in which, arteries or veins of comparable size?
Arteries
What fiber is found in uniquely high concentrations in the aorta and other large arteries?
Elastin
What are the three types of artery?
Elastic;
muscular;
arterioles
Which arteries are elastic?
The aorta, carotids, and subclavians
What does the elastin in the aorta do?
What does the collagen in the aorta do?
Propel blood (rebound effect);
provides strength to control distension
What transition occurs in the tissues from elastic to muscular arteries?
A shift from elastic tissue to smooth muscle
What subendothelial layer is especially prominent in muscular arteries?
The internal elastic membrane
What is a normal blood pressure?
< 120 / < 80
What blood pressure is in the elevated category?
120 - 129 / < 80
What blood pressure defines hypertension stage 1?
130 - 139 systolic OR 80 - 89 diastolic
What blood pressure defines hypertension stage 2?
≥ 140 systolic OR ≥ 90 diastolic
What structure connects arterioles and capillaries?
Metarterioles
Is capillary blood flow continuous or pulsatile?
Pulsatile
(for maximum nutrient/waste exchange)
Where are precapillary sphincters located?
What are they?
Metarterioles;
bands of smooth muscle
What intermediate filaments lend structural support to capillaries?
Desmin and vimentin
What type of tissue is shown in this micrograph?
A capillary bed
What molecule promotes tight junction leakage in capillary beds?
Histamine
How do large molecules leave capillary beds?
Transcytosis
(endocytosis and then exocytosis on the other side)
What type of well-developed mesenchymal cell surrounds capillary endothelial cells and have the ability to differentiate into smooth muscle?
Pericytes
What contractile filaments are present in pericytes?
Tropomyosin;
isomyosin
What are the three types of capillary?
Continuous;
fenestrated;
sinusoidal (discontinuous)
What types of vessel in the body contain valves?
Veins;
lymphatics
Where do Purkinje cells travel?
The subendocardium
Purkinje cells are large cells containing large amounts of what substance?
Glycogen
Identify the structure with an ‘A’ in the lumen.
Identify the structure with a ‘B’ in the lumen.
A = Medium vein
B = Muscular/medium artery
Identify the areas indicated by green bars and yellow bars.
Identify the structure at the tip of the blue arrows.
Yellow bar = Tunica media
Green bar = Tunica adventita
Arrows indicate internal elastic lamina
Identify the structures labeled ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’.
All three structures are components of what structure?
A = Peripheral nerve
B = Muscular artery
C = Medium vein
Neurovascular bundle
What structure is surrounded by arrows in this micrograph?
Vasa vasorum
Identify the entire structure.
Identify the area indicated by the black bar.
Identify the area indicated by the blue bar.
Identify the structure at the tip of the arrows.
Large/elastic artery
Black bar = Tunica media
Blue bar = Tunica adventita
Arrows = Vasa vasorum
The bar indicates the thickness of the wall of this structure.
Identify the structure.
Large vein/vena cava
Identify A and B.
A = Muscular artery
B = Small vein
Identify the structure at the tips of the black arrows.
Identify the structure at the tips of the blue arrows.
Black arrows = Arteriole
Blue arrows = Venule
Identify the blood vessel in this micrograph.
A fenestrated capillary
Identify the blood vessel in this micrograph.
Sinusoid
Identify this structure.
Medium/small vein
Identify the vessel.
Identify the structure indicated by black arrows.
Identify the structure indicated by black bar.
Muscular artery
Arrows = Internal elastic lamina in tunica intima
Bar = Tunica media
As you move from arteries to veins, what change would you expect to see in the relative sizes of the tunica intima, media, and adventitia?
Intima - remains the same
media - decreases in size
adventitia - increases in size
The internal elastic lamina is part of what layer of the blood vessel wall?
The external elastic lamina is part of what layer of the blood vessel wall?
The tunica intima;
the tunica media
Which blood vessels are ‘resistance’ vessels?
Which blood vessels are ‘capacitance’ vessels?
Which blood vessels are ‘conducting’ vessels?
Which blood vessels are ‘distributing’ vessels?
Which blood vessels are ‘exchange’ vessels?
Resistance - arterioles
Capacitance - veins
Conducting - elastic arteries
Distributing - muscular arteries
Exchange - capillaries
The tunica adventitia (externa) is thicker (relative to wall thickness) in which type of vessel, arteries or veins?
Veins
The tunica media is thicker (relative to wall thickness) in which type of vessel, arteries or veins?
Arteries
Describe the changes in blood pressure as blood travels out through arteries and back through veins.
Where are capillaries with extensive tight junctions especially common?
The blood-brain barrier
In what example tissues are fenestrated capillaries likely to be found?
Endocrine glands,
the intestines,
the kidneys
Organs such as endocrine glands, the intestines, and the kidneys are likely to be supplied by what type of capillary?
Fenestrated
What type of capillary is characterized by an abundance of small pores covered by a thin diaphragm?
Fenestrated
What type of capillary is found in the adrenal medulla?
Fenestrated
What is another term for sinusoidal capillaries?
Discontinuous capillaries
Which type of capillary allows for quickest exchange of material between tissues and the bloodstream?
Sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillaries
Which of the following capillary types are characterized by fenestra covered by a thin diaphragm?
Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous (sinusoidal)
Fenestrated only
Which of the following capillary types are characterized by fenestra with no diaphramagtic barrier?
Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous (sinusoidal)
Discontinuous (sinusoidal)
True/False.
Sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillaries are characterized by fenestra and no diaphragm, yet they have an intact basal lamina.
False.
The basal lamina is also discontinuous
In what example tissues are sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillaries likely to be found?
Liver, spleen, gallbladder
What are the two terminal vessels of the lymphatic system?
The thoracic duct;
the right lymphatic duct
What two structures can often be found acompanying a muscular artery?
A vein and peripheral nerve of proportional sizes
What structures are indicated by the arrows in this micrograph?
Red -
Orange -
Blue -
Green -
Gray -
Red - Nerve (shows perineurium)
Orange - Lymph cap
Blue - Artery (shows 2 layers of smooth muscle + a pericyte)
Green - Vein
Gray - Vein
How much of total blood volume can be held in the veins at one time?
How much of this blood can remain stationary without negative effects?
70%;
0% (venous blood is not stationary)
From smallest to largest, what are the names of vessels returning blood to the heart?
Venules,
small veins,
medium veins,
large veins
True/False.
Many large and medium veins are muscular.
True
Does cardiac contraction begin at the apex or the base of the heart?
Does cardiac contraction begin in the deep layers or superficial layers of the heart?
Apex;
deep (endocardium –> epicardium)
During microscopic examination of a tissue specimen, the pathologist notices numerous capillaries with continuous endothelium, lacking fenestrations but with many pinocytotic vesicles. Based on these observations, the tissue being examined most likely is:
A. muscle
B. liver
C. spleen
D. adrenal medulla
A. muscle
- B. liver (sinusoidal)*
- C. spleen (sinusoidal)*
- D. adrenal medulla (fenestrated)*
What are some examples of large veins?
Vena cava, portal v., splenic v., renal v.
What are some examples of medium veins?
Typically, named deep veins
(e.g. popliteal, radial, tibial)
What type of vein is the great saphenous?
A muscular (medium) vein
What vessels are typically most likely to be affected by atherosclerosis?
Large and medium arteries
Which gender is more at risk for atherosclerotic development?
Males
Describe the (very basic) components of an atheroma.
A soft lipid core + a fibrous cap
What is the ‘response to injury’ theory of atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory reaction to endothelial damage
1) Injury to the endothelium of the arterial wall
2) Tissue response of the vascular wall to the injury
Describe the basic pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.
What are three negative outcomes that may occur at a site of severe atheroma development?
Vessel stenosis;
plaque aneurysm and rupture;
vessel occlusion by thrombus
What is the difference between stable and vulnerable atheromas?
Thickness of the fibrous cap;
degree of inflammation
The collagen and ECM in atheromatous plaques are synthesized largely by what type of cell?
Smooth muscle cells
Although they decrease the risk of plaque rupture, what risk do stable atheromas have when compared to vulnerable plaques?
Increased risk of vessel stenosis
Why would rupture of an atheromatous plaque lead to clot development?
What are two potential adverse outcomes for these clots?
Exposed thrombogenic factors in the underlying ECM;
thrombosis, embolus development
What is a ‘true’ aneurysm of the cardiovascular system?
What is a ‘false’ aneurysm?
One that involves all three layers of the vessel wall;
rupture of the intima –> hematoma between the media and externa (adventitia)
What type of aneurysm shape is a balloon-like direct outpouching of the vessel wall?
What type of aneurysm is a more football-shaped expansion in all directions?
Saccular,
fusiform
What is the most common location for an atherosclerotic aneurysm?
The abdominal aorta
True/False.
A false aneurysm of the aorta is an aortic dissection.
False.
False aneurysm –> between the media and externa (adventitia)
Dissection –> between the intima and media
Dissections take place between what layers of the vessel wall?
The intima dissecting off the media