Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

T1 - Phase 1 - Integrated (I) > MSK - Histology - Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

MSK - Histology - Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

True/False.

Neurons are both irritable (responsive to stimuli) and conductive.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The CNS is made up of what major portions?

A

Brain,

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the major portions of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

pons,

medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The peripheral nervous system is made of what major parts?

How many of each?

A

Cranial nerves (12);

spinal nerves (31)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The brain is made up of what major portions?

A

Cerebrum,

cerebellum,

brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is another term for neuronal cytoplasm?

What is another term for neuronal RER?

A

Perikaryon;

Nissl bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neurons typically have a maximum of how many dendrites?

Neurons typically have a maximum of how many axons?

A

15;

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dendritic branches are called:

A

gemmules (spines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Axons originate at the:

What happens here?

A

Axon hillock;

summation (temporal and spatial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What basic neuron configuration (i.e. axonal and dendritic branching) do motor neurons have?

A

Multipolar

(multiple dendrites + 1 axon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What basic neuron configuration (i.e. axonal and dendritic branching) do general sensory neurons have?

A

Pseudounipolar

(sensory side + laterally removed soma + transmitting side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What basic neuron configuration (i.e. axonal and dendritic branching) do special sensory neurons have?

A

Bipolar

(sensory side and transmitting side bisected by soma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What neuron type is responsible for circuit formation and creating high neuronal interconnection?

A

Interneurons

(typically multipolar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Motor neurons are:

Sensory (general) neurons are:

Special sensory neurons are:

Interneurons are:

A

Multipolar;

pseudounipolar;

bipolar;

multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bipolar neurons are:

Multipolar neurons are:

Pseudounipolar neurons are:

A

Special sensory;

motor (or interneurons);

sensory (general)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the most obvious location of a collection of pseudounipolar cell soma?

A

Any dorsal root ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True/False.

Interneurons are often multipolar.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pyramidal cells and Purkinje cells receive large amounts of input from what type of neuron?

A

Interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of multipolar neuron is found primarily in the cerebrum?

What type of multipolar neuron is found primarily in the cerebellum?

A

Pyramidal cells;

Purkinje cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of cell is a pyramidal cell (e.g. multipolar, unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, etc.)?

A

Multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of cell is a Purkinje cell (e.g. multipolar, unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, etc.)?

A

Multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What basic neuron configuration (i.e. axonal and dendritic branching) do interneurons have?

A

Multipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are pyramidal cells found?

A

The cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where are Purkinje cells found?

A

The cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In what layers of the cerebrum are pyramidal cells found?

With what functions are they associated?

A

Layers III and V;

memory, learning, sensory information integration, motor response initiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The large motor neurons seen in the anterior horn are what kind of neuron?

What is found in abundance in their cytoplasm?

A

Multipolar;

Nissl bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the name of the extracellular space surrounding motor neurons found in the anterior horn?

What is found here?

A

Neuropile;

axons, dendrites, blood vessels, and glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The lines coming from the right side of the image are indicating what structures?

What type of cell is this likely to be?

What is the extracellular space called?

A

Nissl bodies;

a motor neuron;

neuropile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the ratio of glial cells to neurons in the CNS?

A

10:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the four glial cells of the CNS?

A

Astrocytes,

ependymal cells,

oligodendrocytes,

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What shape are ependymal cells?

A

Columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the two main types of astrocyte?

Where does each (mainly) occur?

A

Protoplasmic (gray matter),

fibrous (white matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Glial tumors mostly arise from which type of astrocyte?

A

Fibrous astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What type of cell is shown in this micrograph?

A

Astrocytes

(here shown under fluorescence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Astrocyte foot projections mostly wrap around what two structures?

A

Blood vessels (contributing to the BBB);

neurons (providing support, repair, and K+ / neurotransmitter removal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What type of cell is shown in this micrograph?

A

A microglial cell

(small, fibrous, dark-staining)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How many types of oligodendrocyte are there?

What are they?

A

3;

perivascular,

satellite,

interfascicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What cells are stained ‘G’ and what cells are stained ‘N’ in this micrograph?

A

Glial cells;

neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What type of cell is shown in this micrograph?

Name the structure indicated by the ‘P.’

A

Astrocytes;

foot processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the main glial cells of the PNS?

A

Satellite cells;

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Peripheral nerve axon bundles are known as:

These bundles are surrounded by:

A

Fascicles;

connective tissue sheaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the name for the connective tissue sheath surrounding each individual fascicle (bundle of axons)?

What is the name for the connective tissue sheath surrounding several fascicles (bundles of axons)?

A

Perineurium;

epineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

A group of axons makes up a ________, a group of which makes up a ________.

A

Fascicle, nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What thin layer of connective tissue surround an individual axon and its associated Schwann cell?

Describe this connective tissue.

A

Endoneurium;

loose reticular fibers (type III collagen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The permeability barrier of a nerve is made of what type of junctions?

This barrier is found in what layer of connective tissue?

A

Tight junctions;

perineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Describe the perineurium.

A

Flattened cells surround groups of axons that form fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What type of tissue makes up the epineurium?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

True/False.

One individual Schwann cell pairs with one individual axon at a particular point and wraps around it once.

A

False;

one Schwann cell wraps around one neuron many times at a particular point, making multiple layers of insulation

(from a few up to 150 layers from a single Schwann cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The length of axon that is covered by a Schwann cell is called the _________.

The short gaps of exposed axon between Schwann cells are called ______________.

A

Internode (1 - 1.5 mm);

nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How long is the typical length of axon covered by a Schwann cell? What is this space called?

How many Schwann cells can be needed to myelinate a single axon?

A

1 - 1.5 mm, the internode;

100s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What type of myelinating cell is found in the PNS?

What specific type of myelinating cell is found in the CNS?

A

Schwann cells;

interfascicular oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

One Schwann cell can be attached to how many neurons?

One oligodendrocyte cell can be attached to how many neurons?

A

1;

up to 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

True/False.

Many PNS axons are not sheathed by Schwann cells and are not myelinated.

A

False;

although it is true that many are unmyelinated, all PNS axons are protected and supported (‘sheathed’) by Schwann cells

54
Q

True/False.

A single oligodendrocyte can myelinate several internodes of the same axon.

A

True.

55
Q

What term describes nervous conduction down myelinated axons from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier?

A

Saltatory conduction

56
Q

What is the purpose of nervous ganglia?

Sensory ganglia send information to the:

Autonomic (motor) ganglia send information to the:

A

To act as relay stations;

CNS;

effector organs

57
Q

True/False.

Motor ganglia are synaptic stations.

True/False.

Sensory ganglia are synaptic stations.

A

True;

false

58
Q

Which has its nucleus in a central position within the cell, a large multipolar neuron (e.g. a motor neuron) or a neuron found in a sensory ganglion?

A

Sensory ganglia neurons

(motor neurons have peripherally displaced nuclei as seen in this image)

59
Q

What are the two major types of plexi (nets of ganglia) found in the enteric nervous system?

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s);

myenteric (Auerbach’s)

60
Q

This micrograph shows nervous tissue between two separate layers of muscular tissue that have differing orientations.

This is most likely to be from what organ system?

What is this collection of nervous tissue called?

A

The gut;

the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

(of the enteric nervous system)

61
Q

Name the type of synaptic junction:

an axon synapsing on a non-neuronal cell

A

Axosomatic synapse

62
Q

Name the type of synaptic junction:

an axon synapsing on a dendritic spine

A

Axodendritic synapse

63
Q

Name the type of synaptic junction:

an axon synapsing on an adjacent axon

A

Axoaxonic synapse

64
Q

How long is the average synaptic cleft?

A

~25 nm

65
Q

Presynaptic cholinergic neurons have what type of appearance to their vesicles?

A

Clear vesicles

66
Q

Presynaptic adrenergic neurons have what type of appearance to their vesicles?

A

Dense vesicles

67
Q

Which horns of the gray matter in spinal cord cross section will reach the outer surface of the cord?

What horns appear largest?

(Options: ventral, lateral, and dorsal horns)

A

Dorsal horns;

ventral horns

68
Q

From superficial to deep, what are the three layers of cerebellar cortex in terms of type of neuron?

A

Molecular (synaptic);

Purkinje;

granular

69
Q

What is the outer layer of the cerebellar cortex in terms of type of neuron?

A

Molecular (synaptic)

70
Q

What is the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex in terms of type of neuron?

A

Purkinje (functional; motor)

71
Q

What is the inner layer of the cerebellar cortex in terms of type of neuron?

A

Granular

(small, densely packed neurons)

72
Q

How many cellular layers of cerebral cortex are there?

From superficial to deep, what are the outer three cellular layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

6;

molecular (I),

external granular (II),

external pyramidal (III)

73
Q

How many cellular layers of cerebral cortex are there?

From superficial to deep, what are the inner three cellular layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

6;

internal granular (IV),

internal pyramidal (ganglionic) (V),

multiform (polymorphic) (VI)

74
Q

How many cellular layers of cerebral cortex are there?

From superficial to deep, what are they?

A

6;

molecular (I),

external granular (II),

external pyramidal (III),

internal granular (IV),

internal pyramidal (ganglionic) (V),

multiform (polymorphic) (VI)

75
Q

What are the main functional cells of the cerebral cortex?

In what layers are they found?

A

Pyramidal cells;

layers III and V

76
Q

What percent of interneurons are found in the CNS?

A

99.9%

77
Q

Are any inclusions common in neurons?

A

Lipofuscin (especially in the elderly);

melanin (from the substantia nigra pars compacta)

78
Q

For what types of movement is fast axonal transport used?

For what types of movement is slow axonal transport used?

A

Movement of vesicles and mitochondria;

cytoplasmic proteins for the assembly of microtubules and neurofilaments

79
Q

What type of CNS cell is particularly small and not typically seen in normal brain tissues?

A

Microglia

80
Q

True/False.

Ependymal cells can be either columnar or cuboidal.

A

True.

81
Q

True/False.

Ependymal cells can have both cilia and microvili.

True/False.

If the above is true about either cilia or microvili, this means that the ependymal cells are epithelial cells.

A

True

(for movement or absorption purposes);

false

82
Q

What shape is a Schwann cell nucleus?

A

Flat and small

83
Q

What type of tissue is shown in this micrograph?

What are some of its defining characteristics?

A

Cardiac muscle;

striations, intercalated discs

84
Q

What type of tissue is shown in this micrograph?

What are some of its defining characteristics?

A

Skeletal muscle;

striations

85
Q

What type of tissue is shown in this micrograph?

What are some of its defining characteristics?

A

Smooth muscle;

non-striated

86
Q

Which of these types of muscle is striated?

Cardiac

Smooth

Skeletal

A

Cardiac,

skeletal

87
Q
A
88
Q
A

Astrocytes

89
Q
A

A. Autonomic ganglia

B. Smooth muscle

90
Q
A

A. Myelinated nerve axon

B. Unmyelinated nerve axon

C. Schwann cell

D. Fibroblast

91
Q
A

A. Purkinje cells

B. Molecular layer

C. Granular layer

92
Q

A - F

A

A. Cerebellar tissue

B. Cortex

C. Medulla

D. Molecular layer

E. Granular layer

F. Purkinje cells

93
Q
A
94
Q
A

A. Dorsal root ganglion pseudounipolar cells

B. Satellite cells

95
Q
A
96
Q
A

Multipolar neuron

97
Q
A

Myelin sheath

98
Q
A

A. Cerebellar cortex

B. Pyramidal neurons

99
Q
A

Nodes of Ranvier

100
Q
A
101
Q
A

(Note: the synapse is just the tiny line. There is a synapse on either side of the central axon in the image)

102
Q
A

Autonomic ganglion

103
Q
A
104
Q
A

Peripheral nerves

105
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of two major types of cells?

A

Neurons;

neuroglia (glial cells)

106
Q

True/False. Unmyelinated peripheral neurons are often still enveloped in Schwann cell cytoplasm?

A

True.

(just not wrapped in multiple layers to create the myelination effect)

107
Q

What type of cell is this and where is it likely to be found?

What are its cytoplasmic aggregates?

A

A motor (multipolar) neuron,

the ventral horn;

Nissl substance

108
Q

Is Nissl substance basophilic or eosinphilic?

Why?

A

Basophilic;

high concentrations of rRNA

109
Q

You identify a motor neuron in a section of spinal cord histology. Where did you find it?

In what parts of the neuron are you not likely to find Nissl substance?

A

The ventral horn;

the axon hillock and axon

110
Q

What types of cell are most prominent in this slide?

What smaller cells surround these prominent cells?

Where is a likely location of the PNS where this slide was found?

A

Sensory neurons (pseudounipolar);

satellite cells;

dorsal root ganglion

111
Q

This slide shows a portion of a sympathetic autonomic ganglion.

What inclusions are see in the cytoplasm?

A

Lipofuscin

(in lysosomes)

112
Q

True/False.

Dorsal root ganglia are synaptic locations.

True/False.

The ventral horns are synaptic locations.

True/False.

The dorsal horns are synaptic locations.

True/False.

Autonomic ganglia are synaptic locations.

A

False;

true;

true;

true

113
Q

Name the three layers of connective tissue associated with nerves.

A

Endoneurium (surrounds each nerve fiber)

Perineurium (surrounds bundles of nerve fibers (i.e., fascicle))

Epineurium (dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds an entire nerve)

114
Q

Endoneurium surrounds:

Perineurium surrounds:

Epineurium surrounds:

A

Each nerve fiber;

each bundle (fascicle) of nerve fibers;

an entire nerve

115
Q

Why are longitudinally cut nerves “wavy” in appearance?

A

To allow stretching and movement with tissues

116
Q

What type of connective tissue is epineurium?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

117
Q

What type of connective tissue fiber is associated with endoneurium?

A

Type III collagen

118
Q

What type of connective tissue fiber is associated with epineurium?

A

Type I collagen (dense irregular connective tissue)

119
Q

What type of connective tissue fiber is associated with Schwann cell basement membranes?

A

Type IV collagen

120
Q

What type of connective tissue fiber is associated with Schwann cell basement membranes?

What type of connective tissue fiber is associated with endoneurium?

What type of connective tissue fiber is associated with epineurium?

A

Type IV collagen;

type III collagen;

type I collagen

121
Q

Neurons releasing adrenergic products are characterized by what type of vesicle in their axons?

A

Dense (dark) vesicles

122
Q

Neurons releasing cholinergic products are characterized by what type of vesicle in their axons?

A

Clear (light) vesicles

123
Q

Which type of secretory axon is this more likely to be, cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Cholinergic

(clear vesicles)

124
Q

Which type of secretory axon is this more likely to be, cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Adrenergic

(dense vesicles)

125
Q

What are four primary types of motor neuron found in the body?

Where are their respective soma found?

A

Somatic motor neurons in the ventral horn;

autonomic motor neurons in the autonomic ganglia;

Purkinje cells in the cerebellum (between the granular and molecular layers);

*pyramidal (Betz) cells in the cerebrum (layers III and V)

(note: *pyramidal cells are also responsible for cognition and many other tasks)

126
Q

What pyramidal (Betz) cell structure extends towards the superficial cerebral layers?

What pyramidal (Betz) cell structure extends towards the deep cerebral layers?

A

Apical dendrites;

the axon

127
Q

Pyramidal (Betz) cells are characterized by ___________ extending superficially, ___________ extending laterally, and ___________ extending deeply.

A

apical dendrites,

basal dendrites,

axons

128
Q

How does the rabies virus get to the host CNS from the original wound (often a peripheral bite mark)?

How does the rabies virus get to the host salivary glands from the CNS?

A

It rides dyneins back to the CNS;

it rides kinesins back to the salivary glands

129
Q

How does the rabies virus get to the host CNS from the original wound (often a peripheral bite mark)?

A

It rides dyneins in the peripheral nerves

130
Q

How does the rabies virus get to the host salivary glands from the CNS?

A

It rides kinesin proteins down microtubules in the peripheral nerves

131
Q

What explains the extremely high latency period between a person being bitten by a rabid animal and that same person showing signs/symptoms of the disease?

(sometimes years)

A

The rabies virus rides dyneins back to the CNS and then kinesins down to the salivary glands from there

(this can be an extremely long process, especially if the initial rabid bite was far in the periphery (e.g. the hand or foot) and a small, slow nerve was infected)

T1 - Phase 1 - Integrated (I) (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions