CS&B - Histology - Intro; Cell Structure Flashcards
What are the three basic visualization methods of histology?
Light microscopy,
fluorescent microscopy,
electron microscopy
What are three of the most common stains of light microscopy?
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E);
periodic acid-Schiff (PAS);
Masson’s trichrome
What is the most common stain of light microscopy?
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
What are the two principal colors of hematoxylin and eosin staining?
Blue and pink
What color is hematoxylin?
What color is eosin?
Blue-ish
pink-ish
In hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, what are some structures that will be stained blue?
The nucleus;
keratohyalin granules and calcified material
In hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, what are some structures that will be stained pink?
Cytoplasm, collagen, lewy bodies, and mallory bodies
The blue-pink differences in structures stained with H&E are largely due to what characteristic of the tissue being stained?
The relative pH
(acidic - nuclear components;
basic - proteins)
Hematoxylin and eosin staining is a common stain in what modality of histology?
Light microscopy
What is the periodic acid-Shiff (PAS) stain used for in light microscopy?
Staining specific cellular compartments, carbohydrates
(Note: the histology in the image is counterstained with hematoxylin)
What stain is often used as a counter-stain with PAS to illustrate the nuclei?
Hematoxylin
What are three substances often visualized with a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain?
What color are they stained?
Mucins, glycogen, glycocalyx;
pink or magenta
(Note: the histology in the image is counterstained with hematoxylin)
Which stain is especially good for connective tissue and collagen visualization?
Masson’s trichrome
What science is the 3D interpretation of 2D cross sections of materials or tissues?
Sterology
What is the most common histological stain?
What stain is useful for visualizing the nucleus in blue and surrounding cytoplasm/collagen in pink?
What stain is useful in visualizing cellular compartments and carbohydrates?
What stain is useful in visualizing muscle fibers as red, collagen as blue, cytoplasm as pink, and the nucleus as dark brown?
Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E);
hematoxylin & eosin (H&E);
periodic acid-Schiff (PAS);
Masson’s trichrome
For what structures is the hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) stain useful? What colors are these structures stained?
The nucleus (blue) surrounding cytoplasm/collagen (pink)
For what structures is the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain useful? What colors are these structures stained?
Cellular compartments and carbohydrates (magenta)
(Note: Hematoxylin is often used as a counterstain when PAS is used)
For what structures is the Masson’s trichrome stain useful? What colors are these structures stained?
Muscle fibers (red),
collagen (blue),
cytoplasm (pink),
the nucleus (dark brown)
For what structures is the hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) stain useful? What colors are these structures stained?
For what structures is the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain useful? What colors are these structures stained?
For what structures is the Masson’s trichrome stain useful? What colors are these structures stained?
The nucleus (blue) surrounding cytoplasm/collagen (pink)
Cellular compartments and carbohydrates (magenta)
Muscle fibers (red), collagen (blue), cytoplasm (pink), the nucleus (dark brown)
What histological stain is used in this image?
Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E)
What histological stain(s) is(are) used in this image?
Periodic acid-Schiff
(with hematoxylin counterstain)
What histological stain is used in these images?
Masson’s trichrome
What color are erythrocytes in H&E staining?
Intensely red
What study involves the interpretation of these 2D images to understand their 3D orientation and structure?
Sterology
What are the three main portions of the cell?
Cell membrane;
nucleus;
cytoplasm
What are the three main portions of the nucleus?
The nuclear envelope (and pores);
chromatin (eu- and hetero-);
the nucleolus
Are there lipids, proteins, and/or carbohydrates in the cell membrane?
All three
What are three common types of inclusions found in the cytoplasm?
Fat droplets;
glycogen granules;
lipofuscin granules
What is a common type of protein found in the cytosol?
Enzymes
(hundreds and hundreds of types)
What are the three main contributors to the cytoplasm?
Cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
What is the external surface of the cell membrane called?
What is the internal surface of the cell membrane called?
E-face
P-face
What two lipid types are found in high concentrations in lipid rafts?
Cholesterol;
glycosphingolipids
What is the function of lipid rafts in cell membranes?
To stabilize protein clusters and keep them in close proximity to one another
(this allows for efficient inter-protein interactions)
What structure stabilizes protein clusters within the cell membrane and allows for close, more efficient inter-protein interactions?
Lipid rafts
Where are glycolipids found in the cell membrane?
The E-face
What purpose does cholesterol serve in the lipid membrane?
Increased rigidity / stiffness
What are the three main colors of the Masson’s trichrome stain?
Red (keratin/muscle);
pink (cytoplasm);
blue or green (collagen)
On which surface of the cell membrane is spectrin found?
The P-face (protoplasmic)
On which surface of the cell membrane are the ECM proteins found?
The E-face (exoplasmic)
What term describes the bilipid cell membrane characteristic in which the associated lipids have hydrophobic and hydrophilic sections?
Amphipathic
What are the three main types of lipid found in the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids;
cholesterol;
glycolipids
How many main types of phospholipid are found in the lipid membrane?
5
Name the three phospholipid types found on the P-face of the plasma membrane.
Phosphatidylserine (PS)
phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
phosphatidylinositol (PI)
Name the two phospholipid types found on the E-face of the plasma membrane.
Phosphatidylcholine (PC);
sphingomyelin (SPH)
What are the two types of cell membrane protein?
Integral and peripheral
Transmembrane and lipid-anchored proteins of the cell membrane are ________ proteins.
Integral
How do bilipid membranes appear on electron microscopy?
As trilaminar layers
(dark outer layers with a central light area)
The term glycocalyx encompasses what two types of structure?
Glycolipids and glycoproteins
What are some structures making up the dark layers of the plasma membrane as seen on electron microscopy?
Phospholipid heads;
integral proteins;
glycolipids
What are some structures making up the light layer of the plasma membrane as seen on electron microscopy?
Phospholipid tails;
integral proteins;
cholesterol
True/False. The E-face and P-face layers of the plasma membrane each have the same types of phospholipid in similar concentrations?
False
(the E-face has different phospholipids from the P-face)
What modality must be used to directly visualize the cell membrane?
Electron microscopy
Sphingomyelin is abundant on which surface of the cell membrane?
The E-face
Which enzyme breaks down sphingomyelin?
Where is this enzyme located?
Acid sphyngomyelinase;
the P-face
Acid sphingomyelinase breaks down sphingomyelin inside what structures?
Lysosomes
Sphingomyelin is found in high concentrations on which surface of the plasma membrane?
Acid sphingomyelinase is found in on which surface of the plasma membrane?
E-face;
P-face
Is pinocytosis clathrin-dependent or -independent?
Clathrin-independent
Is phagocytosis clathrin-dependent or -independent?
Clathrin-independet
Is receptor-mediated endocytosis clathrin-dependent or -independent?
Clathrin-dependent
Which of the following is(are) clathrin-dependent?
Which is(are) actin-dependent?
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis;
Phagocytosis
What is unique about phagocytosis when compared to pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis?
It is actin-dependent
What is unique about receptor-mediated endocytosis when compared to pinocytosis and phagocytosis?
It is clathrin-dependent
Retrograde vesicular transport from the golgi apparatus to the ER is associated with what surface protein?
COP - I
(1)
Anterograde vesicular transport from the ER to the golgi apparatus is associated with what surface protein?
COP - II
(2)
What is V-snare?
What is T-snare?
A vesicle-specific membrane protein;
a target membrane -specific protein
What are some examples of non-membranous organelles?
Ribosomes;
proteasomes;
cytoskeleton
Ribosomes are present on which side of the RER cisternae (interior or exterior)?
The cytoplasmic (exterior) side
Cytochrome P450 is present in large concentrations in what organelle of hepatocytes?
The SER
Which organelle of myocytes is used for calcium sequestration?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (a.k.a. the sarcoplasmic reticulum)
What family of enzymes is involved in phase I detoxification in the hepatocyte SER?
What family of enzymes is involved in phase II detoxification in the hepatocyte SER?
Cytochrome P450;
UDP - glucuronosyltransferases
In what organ is the highest concentration of SER in the body?
The liver
Which side of the Golgi apparatus faces the RER and receives vesicles from it?
The cis face (convex)
Which side of the Golgi apparatus releases vesicles and faces the plasma membrane?
The trans side (concave)
In what direction do proteins enter the Golgi apparatus (from the RER) and leave it?
RER –> cis Golgi apparatus –> trans Golgi apparatus