Cardio - Histology - Blood Flashcards
1
Q
What hematopoeitic cells are shown here?
A
Red blood cells
2
Q
What hematopoeitic cell is shown here?
A
A neutrophil
3
Q
What hematopoeitic cells are shown here among the red blood cells?
A
Platelets
4
Q
What hematopoeitic cell is shown here?
A
An eosinophil
5
Q
What hematopoeitic cell is shown here?
A
A basophil
6
Q
What diameter are red blood cells?
A
7 - 8 μm
7
Q
What diameter are platelets?
A
2 μm
8
Q
Does any type of cell in the red blood cell lineage have granules?
A
No.
9
Q
What type of hematopoeitic cell is this?
A
A proerythroblast
10
Q
Describe proerythroblasts in regards to nucleus, cytoplasm, and granules.
A
Nucleus - very large
Cytoplasm - characteristic pale blue
Granules - none
11
Q
What gives proeyrthroblast cytoplasm their characteristic pale blue color?
A
A high abundance of ribosomes
12
Q
Are proerythroblasts capable of mitosis?
A
Yes
13
Q
What type of hematopoeitic cell is shown here?
A
A basophilic erythroblast
14
Q
True/False.
This is a basophilic erythroblast.
A
False.
(That’s a proerythroblast; attached here is a basophilic erythroblast)
15
Q
Describe basophilic erythroblasts in regards to nucleus, cytoplasm, and granules.
A
Nucleus - round, large; full of condensed chromatin
Cytoplasm - dark blue
Granules - no
16
Q
Are basophilic erythroblasts capable of mitosis?
Are proerythroblasts capable of mitosis?
A
Yes;
yes
17
Q
What type of cell is this?
A
A polychromatic erythoblast
18
Q
Why do polychromatic erythroblasts have their characteristic staining?
A
A mixture of ribosomes and hemoglobin
19
Q
Are polychromatic erythroblasts capable of mitosis?
A
Yes
20
Q
What type of hematopoeitic cell is this?
A
An orthochromatic erythroblast
21
Q
What type of erythroblast has a light, pink-ish cytoplasm and no granules?
A
An orthochromatic erythroblast
22
Q
Are orthochromatic erythroblasts capable of mitosis?
A
No
23
Q
What are the three stages of erythroblast coloring?
A
Basophilic –> polychromatic –> orthochromatic
24
Q
Are orthochromatic erythroblasts capable of mitosis?
A
No
25
What is the first type of cell in the red bood cell lineage that is not capable of mitosis?
Orthochromatic erythroblasts
26
What type of hematopoeitic cell is shown here?
A reticulocyte
27
What is the order of cells in the RBC lineage from a proerythroblast to an erythrocyte?
Proerythroblast --\>
basophilic erythroblast --\>
polychromatic erythroblast --\>
orthochromatic erythoblast --\>
reticulocyte --\>
erythrocyte
28
Which of these cells is the last to have a nucleus?
## Footnote
* Proerythroblast --\>*
* basophilic erythroblast --\>*
* polychromatic erythroblast --\>*
* orthochromatic erythoblast --\>*
* reticulocyte --\>*
* erythrocyte*
Orthochromatic erythroblasts
29
Which of these cells is the last to be able to undergo mitosis?
## Footnote
* Proerythroblast --\>*
* basophilic erythroblast --\>*
* polychromatic erythroblast --\>*
* orthochromatic erythoblast --\>*
* reticulocyte --\>*
* erythrocyte*
Polychromatic erythroblasts
30
What is the last cell in the RBC lineage to have a nucleus?
What is the last cell in the RBC lineage that is able to undergo mitosis?
Orthochromatic erythroblast;
polychromatic erythroblast
31
What is the first cell in the RBC lineage to not have a nucleus?
The reticulocyte
32
What is the first cell in the RBC lineage to not be able to undergo mitosis?
The orthochromatic erythroblast
33
Why are RBCs so eosinophilic?
High hemoglobin concentrations
34
What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils?
What percentage of leukocytes are eosinophils?
What percentage of leukocytes are basophils?
50 - 70%
2 - 5%
\< 1%
35
What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils?
50 - 70%
36
What percentage of leukocytes are eosinophils?
2 - 5%
37
What percentage of leukocytes are basophils?
\< 1%
38
What percentage of leukocytes are lymphocytes?
What percentage of leukocytes are monocytes?
25 - 30%
3 - 8%
39
What percentage of leukocytes are lymphocytes?
25 - 30%
40
What percentage of leukocytes are monocytes?
3 - 8%
41
What two broad categories of granules are found in white blood cells?
Azurophilic granules (primary granules);
Specific granules (secondary granules)
42
What type of hematopoeitic cell is shown here?
Monocyte
43
What type of hematopoeitic cell is shown here?
A lymphocyte
44
What is another name for a neutrophil?
A polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)
45
How many lobes does a neutrophil nucleus typically have?
2 - 5
46
Do neutrophils contain either azurophilic or specific granules?
Both
47
What color are the azurophilic granules found in neutrophils?
What color are the specific granules found in neutrophils?
Light peach;
purple
48
Describe a typical eosinophil nucleus.
Do eosinophils contain either azurophilic or specific granules?
Bilobed;
both
49
What type of cell is this?
A basophil
50
Describe the shape of a basophil nucleus.
Variable: bilobed, S-shaped, or indented
51
Do basophils contain either azurophilic or specific granules?
Both
52
What are the two types of lymphocyte in regards to size as seen on histology?
Small and large
53
Which is more common, small or large lymphocytes?
Small (97%)
54
Do lymphocytes contain either azurophilic or specific granules?
A few azurophilic may be present
55
Do lymphocytes contain either azurophilic or specific granules?
A few azurophilic may be present
56
How long do monocytes typically stay in the blood?
About a day before entering the tissues
| (to become macrophages)
57
What type of hematopoeitic cell is this?
A platelet
58
What cell is the initial precursor to all three types of granulocyte?
Myeloblast
59
What is the order of differentiation from myeloblast to neutrophil?
Myeloblast --\>
promyelocyte --\>
neutrophilic myelocyte --\>
neutrophilic metamyelocyte --\>
neutrophilic band cell --\>
neutrophil
60
What is the order of differentiation from myeloblast to eosinophil?
Myeloblast --\>
promyelocyte --\>
eosinophilic myelocyte --\>
eosinophilic metamyelocyte --\>
eosinophilic band cell --\>
eosinophil
61
What is the order of differentiation from myeloblast to basophil?
Myeloblast --\>
promyelocyte --\>
basophilic myelocyte --\>
basophilic metamyelocyte --\>
basophilic band cell --\>
basophil
62
What are the first two cells of myeloblastic differentiation (common to all three myelocytes)?
Myeloblast;
promyelocyte
63
After a myeloblast becomes a promyelocyte, what are the next three cells before it becomes a mature cell (basophil, eosinophil, or neutrophil)?
Myelocyte --\>
metamyelocyte --\>
band cell --\>
Mature cell (basophil, eosinophil, or neutrophil)
64
What is the last cell type before a cell differentiates into a neutrophil, eosinophil, or basophil?
Band cell (either neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic)
65
At what point in myeloblast differentiation is a cell first differentiated towards either neutrophil, eosinophil, or basophil?
Myelocyte
(e.g.,
Myeloblast --\>
promyelocyte --\>
basophilic myelocyte --\>
basophilic metamyelocyte --\>
basophilic band cell --\>
basophil)
66
How does the nucleus:cytoplasm ratio change as a cell differentiates from myeloblast to mature cell (neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil)?
It decreases
67
How can a specific individual's blood volume be estimated according to their weight?
50 - 70 ml / kg
68
What is the normal male hematocrit?
What is the normal female hematocrit?
42 - 52%
37 - 47%
69
What is the normal male hematocrit?
42 - 52%
70
What is the normal female hematocrit?
37 - 47%
71
How can plasma volume be estimated if hematocrit and total blood volume are known?
TBV \* hematocrit
72
What is the normal percentage of blood that is made up of plasma?
45 - 55%
73
What is the small layer between the hematocrit and plasma in a centrifuged blood sample?
The Buffy coat (leukocytes)
| (\< 1% of fluid)
74
What is a normal male hemoglobin level?
What is a normal female hemoglobin level?
14 - 16 g / dl
12 - 14 g / dl
75
What is a normal male hemoglobin level?
14 - 16 g / dl
76
What is a normal female hemoglobin level?
12 - 14 g / dl
77
How much of plasma is water by weight?
90%
78
What is blood serum?
Plasma - the clotting factors
79
A normal RBC is ~7.5 μm.
Microcytic RBCs are \< __ μm.
Macrocytic RBCs are \> __ μm.
6
9
80
What is the term for RBC shrinkage?
What is a principal reason of tonicity that it would happen?
Crenation;
hypertonic solution
81
What is a term referring to RBC stacking?
Rouleaux
82
RBCs in hypertonic solutions will:
RBCs in hypotonic solutions will:
Crenate;
swell / lyse
83
What is the term for hemoglobin bound to O2?
What is the term for hemoglobin bound to CO2?
What is the term for hemoglobin bound to CO?
Oxyhemoglobin;
carbaminohemoglobin;
carboxyhemoglobin
84
Carboxyhemoglobin refers to hemoglobin bound to:
**Carbon monoxide**
85
How long does it take for reticulocytes to mature?
They make up what percentage of red cells in circulation?
1 - 2 days;
1%
86
What differentiates granulocytes from agranulocytes?
The presence of specific granules
| (both have azurophilic granules)
87
Which leukocytes are also phagocytic?
Neutrophils;
eosinophils;
monocytes (and macrophages)
88
**True/False.**
Basophils are only phagocytic in the presence of antigen-antibody complexes.
**False**.
Basophils are _not_ phagocytic leukocytes.
89
Are any agranulocytes phagocytic?
Are any granulocytes not phagocytic?
Monocytes and macrophages;
basophils
90
Are any agranulocytes not phagocytic?
Are any granulocytes phagocytic?
Lymphocytes;
neutrophils, eosinophils
91
What type of hematopoeitic cell category refers to lobed cells?
Granulocytes
| (these are polymorphonuclear cells)
92
What type of hematopoeitic cell category refers to non-lobed cells?
Agranulocytes
| (these are mononuclear cells)
93
Via what process do leukocytes leave circulation?
Diapedesis / extravasation
94
How long do neutrophils stay in the blood? And in tissues?
Do they ever reenter circulation?
10 hours, 1 - 2 days;
no
95
What do neutrophilic specific granules contain?
What do the azurophilic (non-specific) granules contain?
Alkaline phosphatase;
peroxidase
96
What is serum lacking that plasma has?
Clotting factors
97
If you remove clotting factors from plasma, you get:
Serum
98
What is the term for RBCs of various shapes?
Poikilocytosis
99
What is the term for RBCs of various sizes?
Anisocytosis
100
Define anemia.
Poor oxygen-carrying capacity
101
What types of hematopoeitic nucleated cell have specific granules?
What types of hematopoeitic nucleated cell have non-specific (azurophilic) granules?
Granulocytes;
all of them (granulocytes + agranulocytes)
102
Which are larger, the specific or non-specific (azurophilic) granules found in some hematopoeitic cells?
Non-specific (azurophilic)
103
A band neutrophil has what shape nucleus?
Horseshoe-shaped
104
What type of leukocyte both inactivates inflammatory mediators and also phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes?
Eosinophils
105
What is unique about the specific granules contained in eosinophils?
What is inside these granules?
They have a crystal-like *internum* surrounded by *externum*;
major basic protein, histaminase, aryl-sulfatase
106
What do basophilic specific granules contain?
How are these products neutralized?
Histamine, heparin;
eosinophilic aryl-sulfatase
107
Name the products stored in the specific granules found in each of the following:
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
**N** - peroxidase
**E** - histaminase, aryl-sulfatase
**B** - histamine, heparin
108
Can any type of leukocyte renter circulation from the tissues?
Yes
| (lymphocytes only)
109
Nucleoli are only present in what types of hematopoeitic cells?
Large lymphocytes;
monocytes
110
Do either large or small lymphocytes show any azurophilic granules?
Yes, large
111
How many platelets are typically found in the blood?
How long does each stay, on average?
150k - 450k
10 days
112
Describe the outermost layer of a platelet.
Peripheral clear layer called the hyalomere
(rings of microtubules / actin / myosin)
113
What are the two tubular systems found in the platelet hyalomere?
Open cannicular;
dense tubular
114
What are the two main portions of a platelet?
(outer ring and inner region)
Outer - hyalomere
Inner - granulomere
115
What are the three types of granule found in a platelet?
What do they contain?
**α-granules** -- Fibrinogen, platelet-derived growth factor
**δ-granules** -- Ca2+, ADP, ATP
**γ-granules** -- lysosomal contents
116
What do platelet α-granules contain?
Fibrinogen, platelet-derived growth factor
117
What do platelet δ-granules contain?
Ca2+, ADP, ATP
118
Platelet γ-granules are essentially what?
Lysosomes
119
What factors are involved in platelet retraction?
Actin, myosin, & ATP
120
What are the main two substances responsible for clot removal?
Plasmin & γ-granules (platelet lysosomes)
121
What are the three platelet steps in clot formation?
Subendothelial attachment;
granule release;
adherence to each other
122
What are the two types of hematopoeisis?
Myeloid;
lymphoid
123
Pluripotent hematopoeitic stem cells give rise to what two types of multipotential hematopoeitic stem cells?
Myeloid stem cells;
lymphoid stem cells
124
What are the largest cells in the bone marrow?
Megakaryocytes
125
Megakaryocyte production of platelets is controlled by what factor?
Thrombopoietin
126
Erythroblastic differentiation of stem cells is controlled by what factor?
Erythropoeitin
127
Erythrocytes are derived from what type of multipotent hematopoeitic stem cell?
Myeloid stem cells
128
Besides lymphocytes, what types of cell are derived from lymphoid stem cells?
## Footnote
*(Note: lymphoid stem cells are multipotent hematopoeitic stem cells)*
None;
the rest come from myeloid stem cells
129
Megakaryoblasts are derived from what type of multipotent hematopoeitic stem cell?
Myeloid stem cells
130
Ca2+, ADP, and ATP are found in which type of platelet granule?
δ-granules
| (dense)
131
Fibrinogen and platelet-derived growth factor are found in which type of platelet granule?
α-granules
132
Which type of platelet granule is essentially a lysosome?
γ-granules
133
What type of smear is used in preparing peripheral smears?
Wright Giemsa
134
Describe the steps to prepare a peripheral smear.
135
Which is characterized by a block in cellular differentiation, acute or chronic leukemias?
Acute
136
Which is characterized by a proliferative abnormality, acute or chronic leukemias?
Chronic
137
What are some disorders in the differential for left shifts in leukocytes?
Infection, stress, stimulant drugs, myeloproliferative disorders, leukemia
138
What is a 'left shift' in leukocytes?
Earlier (immature) cells are seens
## Footnote
*(bands, metamyelocytes, myelocytes, etc.)*
139
What two hematopoeitic cells would be easy to confuse as both seem to have a horseshoe nucleus?
Monocytes and band cells
140
What are these two types of hematopoeitic cell?
Small lymphocyte (top);
large lymphocyte (bottom)
141
Where is bone marrow typically found?
The medullary area of long bones / cavities of spongy bones
142
What type of bone marrow is hematogenous?
What type is inactive?
Red;
yellow
143
What type of capillary is found in bone marrow?
Sinusoidal (discontinuous)
144
Pluripotent hematopoeitic stem cells give rise to what type of cell?
What are two subcategories of this type?
Multipotent hematopoeitic stem cells;
myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
145
What is the main role played by natural killer cells?
What is the main role played by B cells?
What is the main role played by T cells?
Immunological surveillance;
humoral immunity (i.e. antibody production);
cell-mediated immunity
146
What are the three broad categories of lymphocyte?
T cells
B cells
Natural killer cells
147
Name the alternate names used interchangably with the following:
basophilic erythroblast
polychromatic erythroblast
orthochromatic erythroblast
Early normoblast
intermediate normoblast
late normoblast
148
How will RBCs appear on light microscopy in iron-deficient conditions?
Hypochromic;
microcytic
149
Why does hereditary spherocytosis cause anemia?
The spleen destroys the spherocytes much earlier than it would otherwise
150
What are two major signs and symptoms of hereditary spherocytosis besides the normal S/Sy of anemia?
Jaundice
Splenomegaly
151
What amino acid missense mutation causes sickle cell anemia?
Glutamic acid to valine
| (6th position in β-globin chain)
152
What general category of leukocyte is lobed?
What general category of leukocyte is non-lobed?
Granulocytes;
agranulocytes
153
How big is a neutrophil's diameter in relation to an RBC?
2x
(14 - 15 in a neutrophil vs. 7.5 in an RBC)
154
What molecule do eosinophils release to neutralize heparin?
Eosinophil cationic protein
155
What autosomal dominant condition is shown in this micrograph?
Its cause is very similar to what other disease?
Hereditary elliptocytosis;
hereditary spherocytosis
156
Neutrophilia is generally due to what category of disease?
Eosinophilia is generally due to what types of disease?
Lymphocytosis is generally due to what category of disease?
Bacterial infection;
neoplasm, allergies, parasites, asthma;
viral infection
157
Neutropenia is generally due to what category of disease?
Bone marrow damage/destruction
158
What two types of tube system are found in platelets?
Open and dense cannicular systems
159
Why do men have higher hemoglobin concentrations (14 - 16 mg/dl) than women (12 - 14 mg/dl)?
Higher androgen levels
160
Hgb level x __ = hematocrit
~3
161
Hematocrit / ~3 = \_\_
Hgb
162
What stain is used for peripheral smears?
Wright-Giemsa
163
How much of a normal RBC is typically pale?
1/3 - 1/2
164
RBCs are normally about the size of what other structure in the blood?
The nucleus of a lymphocyte
165
Lymphocytes on smear will often be predominantly __________ (nucleus or cytoplasm).
Nucleus
166
Auer rods are pathognomonic for what disease?
When present, they are seen in what type of cell?
AML;
myeloblasts
167
What is a way to estimate the cellularity of a patient's bone marrow?
(Cellularity; i.e., the cell : fat ratio)
100 - the patient's age
(e.g. a 40-year-old might have 60% cellularity
a 15-year-old might have 85% cellularity)
168
Is imatinib (Gleevec) still used?
Rarely;
there are many newer tyrosine kinase inhibitors which are better
(imatinib was the prototype / proof of concept)
169
Which has functioning cells, acute or chronic leukemias?
Chronic
(the acute are early-stage, non-functional cells - hence, why blast crises exist)
170
What type of named macrophage is found in the lymph node follicles (outer cortex)?
What type of named macrophage is found in the lymph node paracortex?
What type of named macrophage is found in the lymph node medulla?
Follicular dendritic cell;
dendritic cell (interdigitary);
histiocytes
171
Afferent lymphatic vessels can be found in what type(s) of lymphatic tissue?
Lymph nodes _only_
