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T1 - Phase 1 - Integrated (I) > Cardio - Histology - Blood > Flashcards

Cardio - Histology - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What hematopoeitic cells are shown here?

A

Red blood cells

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2
Q

What hematopoeitic cell is shown here?

A

A neutrophil

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3
Q

What hematopoeitic cells are shown here among the red blood cells?

A

Platelets

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4
Q

What hematopoeitic cell is shown here?

A

An eosinophil

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5
Q

What hematopoeitic cell is shown here?

A

A basophil

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6
Q

What diameter are red blood cells?

A

7 - 8 μm

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7
Q

What diameter are platelets?

A

2 μm

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8
Q

Does any type of cell in the red blood cell lineage have granules?

A

No.

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9
Q

What type of hematopoeitic cell is this?

A

A proerythroblast

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10
Q

Describe proerythroblasts in regards to nucleus, cytoplasm, and granules.

A

Nucleus - very large

Cytoplasm - characteristic pale blue

Granules - none

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11
Q

What gives proeyrthroblast cytoplasm their characteristic pale blue color?

A

A high abundance of ribosomes

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12
Q

Are proerythroblasts capable of mitosis?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What type of hematopoeitic cell is shown here?

A

A basophilic erythroblast

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14
Q

True/False.

This is a basophilic erythroblast.

A

False.

(That’s a proerythroblast; attached here is a basophilic erythroblast)

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15
Q

Describe basophilic erythroblasts in regards to nucleus, cytoplasm, and granules.

A

Nucleus - round, large; full of condensed chromatin

Cytoplasm - dark blue

Granules - no

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16
Q

Are basophilic erythroblasts capable of mitosis?

Are proerythroblasts capable of mitosis?

A

Yes;

yes

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17
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

A polychromatic erythoblast

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18
Q

Why do polychromatic erythroblasts have their characteristic staining?

A

A mixture of ribosomes and hemoglobin

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19
Q

Are polychromatic erythroblasts capable of mitosis?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What type of hematopoeitic cell is this?

A

An orthochromatic erythroblast

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21
Q

What type of erythroblast has a light, pink-ish cytoplasm and no granules?

A

An orthochromatic erythroblast

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22
Q

Are orthochromatic erythroblasts capable of mitosis?

A

No

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23
Q

What are the three stages of erythroblast coloring?

A

Basophilic –> polychromatic –> orthochromatic

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24
Q

Are orthochromatic erythroblasts capable of mitosis?

A

No

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25
Q

What is the first type of cell in the red bood cell lineage that is not capable of mitosis?

A

Orthochromatic erythroblasts

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26
Q

What type of hematopoeitic cell is shown here?

A

A reticulocyte

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27
Q

What is the order of cells in the RBC lineage from a proerythroblast to an erythrocyte?

A

Proerythroblast –>

basophilic erythroblast –>

polychromatic erythroblast –>

orthochromatic erythoblast –>

reticulocyte –>

erythrocyte

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28
Q

Which of these cells is the last to have a nucleus?

  • Proerythroblast –>*
  • basophilic erythroblast –>*
  • polychromatic erythroblast –>*
  • orthochromatic erythoblast –>*
  • reticulocyte –>*
  • erythrocyte*
A

Orthochromatic erythroblasts

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29
Q

Which of these cells is the last to be able to undergo mitosis?

  • Proerythroblast –>*
  • basophilic erythroblast –>*
  • polychromatic erythroblast –>*
  • orthochromatic erythoblast –>*
  • reticulocyte –>*
  • erythrocyte*
A

Polychromatic erythroblasts

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30
Q

What is the last cell in the RBC lineage to have a nucleus?

What is the last cell in the RBC lineage that is able to undergo mitosis?

A

Orthochromatic erythroblast;

polychromatic erythroblast

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31
Q

What is the first cell in the RBC lineage to not have a nucleus?

A

The reticulocyte

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32
Q

What is the first cell in the RBC lineage to not be able to undergo mitosis?

A

The orthochromatic erythroblast

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33
Q

Why are RBCs so eosinophilic?

A

High hemoglobin concentrations

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34
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils?

What percentage of leukocytes are eosinophils?

What percentage of leukocytes are basophils?

A

50 - 70%

2 - 5%

< 1%

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35
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils?

A

50 - 70%

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36
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are eosinophils?

A

2 - 5%

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37
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are basophils?

A

< 1%

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38
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are lymphocytes?

What percentage of leukocytes are monocytes?

A

25 - 30%

3 - 8%

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39
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are lymphocytes?

A

25 - 30%

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40
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are monocytes?

A

3 - 8%

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41
Q

What two broad categories of granules are found in white blood cells?

A

Azurophilic granules (primary granules);

Specific granules (secondary granules)

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42
Q

What type of hematopoeitic cell is shown here?

A

Monocyte

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43
Q

What type of hematopoeitic cell is shown here?

A

A lymphocyte

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44
Q

What is another name for a neutrophil?

A

A polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)

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45
Q

How many lobes does a neutrophil nucleus typically have?

A

2 - 5

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46
Q

Do neutrophils contain either azurophilic or specific granules?

A

Both

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47
Q

What color are the azurophilic granules found in neutrophils?

What color are the specific granules found in neutrophils?

A

Light peach;

purple

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48
Q

Describe a typical eosinophil nucleus.

Do eosinophils contain either azurophilic or specific granules?

A

Bilobed;

both

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49
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

A basophil

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50
Q

Describe the shape of a basophil nucleus.

A

Variable: bilobed, S-shaped, or indented

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51
Q

Do basophils contain either azurophilic or specific granules?

A

Both

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52
Q

What are the two types of lymphocyte in regards to size as seen on histology?

A

Small and large

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53
Q

Which is more common, small or large lymphocytes?

A

Small (97%)

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54
Q

Do lymphocytes contain either azurophilic or specific granules?

A

A few azurophilic may be present

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55
Q

Do lymphocytes contain either azurophilic or specific granules?

A

A few azurophilic may be present

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56
Q

How long do monocytes typically stay in the blood?

A

About a day before entering the tissues

(to become macrophages)

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57
Q

What type of hematopoeitic cell is this?

A

A platelet

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58
Q

What cell is the initial precursor to all three types of granulocyte?

A

Myeloblast

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59
Q

What is the order of differentiation from myeloblast to neutrophil?

A

Myeloblast –>

promyelocyte –>

neutrophilic myelocyte –>

neutrophilic metamyelocyte –>

neutrophilic band cell –>

neutrophil

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60
Q

What is the order of differentiation from myeloblast to eosinophil?

A

Myeloblast –>

promyelocyte –>

eosinophilic myelocyte –>

eosinophilic metamyelocyte –>

eosinophilic band cell –>

eosinophil

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61
Q

What is the order of differentiation from myeloblast to basophil?

A

Myeloblast –>

promyelocyte –>

basophilic myelocyte –>

basophilic metamyelocyte –>

basophilic band cell –>

basophil

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62
Q

What are the first two cells of myeloblastic differentiation (common to all three myelocytes)?

A

Myeloblast;

promyelocyte

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63
Q

After a myeloblast becomes a promyelocyte, what are the next three cells before it becomes a mature cell (basophil, eosinophil, or neutrophil)?

A

Myelocyte –>

metamyelocyte –>

band cell –>

Mature cell (basophil, eosinophil, or neutrophil)

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64
Q

What is the last cell type before a cell differentiates into a neutrophil, eosinophil, or basophil?

A

Band cell (either neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic)

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65
Q

At what point in myeloblast differentiation is a cell first differentiated towards either neutrophil, eosinophil, or basophil?

A

Myelocyte

(e.g.,

Myeloblast –>

promyelocyte –>

basophilic myelocyte –>

basophilic metamyelocyte –>

basophilic band cell –>

basophil)

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66
Q

How does the nucleus:cytoplasm ratio change as a cell differentiates from myeloblast to mature cell (neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil)?

A

It decreases

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67
Q

How can a specific individual’s blood volume be estimated according to their weight?

A

50 - 70 ml / kg

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68
Q

What is the normal male hematocrit?

What is the normal female hematocrit?

A

42 - 52%

37 - 47%

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69
Q

What is the normal male hematocrit?

A

42 - 52%

70
Q

What is the normal female hematocrit?

A

37 - 47%

71
Q

How can plasma volume be estimated if hematocrit and total blood volume are known?

A

TBV * hematocrit

72
Q

What is the normal percentage of blood that is made up of plasma?

A

45 - 55%

73
Q

What is the small layer between the hematocrit and plasma in a centrifuged blood sample?

A

The Buffy coat (leukocytes)

(< 1% of fluid)

74
Q

What is a normal male hemoglobin level?

What is a normal female hemoglobin level?

A

14 - 16 g / dl

12 - 14 g / dl

75
Q

What is a normal male hemoglobin level?

A

14 - 16 g / dl

76
Q

What is a normal female hemoglobin level?

A

12 - 14 g / dl

77
Q

How much of plasma is water by weight?

A

90%

78
Q

What is blood serum?

A

Plasma - the clotting factors

79
Q

A normal RBC is ~7.5 μm.

Microcytic RBCs are < __ μm.

Macrocytic RBCs are > __ μm.

A

6

9

80
Q

What is the term for RBC shrinkage?

What is a principal reason of tonicity that it would happen?

A

Crenation;

hypertonic solution

81
Q

What is a term referring to RBC stacking?

A

Rouleaux

82
Q

RBCs in hypertonic solutions will:

RBCs in hypotonic solutions will:

A

Crenate;

swell / lyse

83
Q

What is the term for hemoglobin bound to O2?

What is the term for hemoglobin bound to CO2?

What is the term for hemoglobin bound to CO?

A

Oxyhemoglobin;

carbaminohemoglobin;

carboxyhemoglobin

84
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin refers to hemoglobin bound to:

A

Carbon monoxide

85
Q

How long does it take for reticulocytes to mature?

They make up what percentage of red cells in circulation?

A

1 - 2 days;

1%

86
Q

What differentiates granulocytes from agranulocytes?

A

The presence of specific granules

(both have azurophilic granules)

87
Q

Which leukocytes are also phagocytic?

A

Neutrophils;

eosinophils;

monocytes (and macrophages)

88
Q

True/False.

Basophils are only phagocytic in the presence of antigen-antibody complexes.

A

False.

Basophils are not phagocytic leukocytes.

89
Q

Are any agranulocytes phagocytic?

Are any granulocytes not phagocytic?

A

Monocytes and macrophages;

basophils

90
Q

Are any agranulocytes not phagocytic?

Are any granulocytes phagocytic?

A

Lymphocytes;

neutrophils, eosinophils

91
Q

What type of hematopoeitic cell category refers to lobed cells?

A

Granulocytes

(these are polymorphonuclear cells)

92
Q

What type of hematopoeitic cell category refers to non-lobed cells?

A

Agranulocytes

(these are mononuclear cells)

93
Q

Via what process do leukocytes leave circulation?

A

Diapedesis / extravasation

94
Q

How long do neutrophils stay in the blood? And in tissues?

Do they ever reenter circulation?

A

10 hours, 1 - 2 days;

no

95
Q

What do neutrophilic specific granules contain?

What do the azurophilic (non-specific) granules contain?

A

Alkaline phosphatase;

peroxidase

96
Q

What is serum lacking that plasma has?

A

Clotting factors

97
Q

If you remove clotting factors from plasma, you get:

A

Serum

98
Q

What is the term for RBCs of various shapes?

A

Poikilocytosis

99
Q

What is the term for RBCs of various sizes?

A

Anisocytosis

100
Q

Define anemia.

A

Poor oxygen-carrying capacity

101
Q

What types of hematopoeitic nucleated cell have specific granules?

What types of hematopoeitic nucleated cell have non-specific (azurophilic) granules?

A

Granulocytes;

all of them (granulocytes + agranulocytes)

102
Q

Which are larger, the specific or non-specific (azurophilic) granules found in some hematopoeitic cells?

A

Non-specific (azurophilic)

103
Q

A band neutrophil has what shape nucleus?

A

Horseshoe-shaped

104
Q

What type of leukocyte both inactivates inflammatory mediators and also phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes?

A

Eosinophils

105
Q

What is unique about the specific granules contained in eosinophils?

What is inside these granules?

A

They have a crystal-like internum surrounded by externum;

major basic protein, histaminase, aryl-sulfatase

106
Q

What do basophilic specific granules contain?

How are these products neutralized?

A

Histamine, heparin;

eosinophilic aryl-sulfatase

107
Q

Name the products stored in the specific granules found in each of the following:

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

A

N - peroxidase

E - histaminase, aryl-sulfatase

B - histamine, heparin

108
Q

Can any type of leukocyte renter circulation from the tissues?

A

Yes

(lymphocytes only)

109
Q

Nucleoli are only present in what types of hematopoeitic cells?

A

Large lymphocytes;

monocytes

110
Q

Do either large or small lymphocytes show any azurophilic granules?

A

Yes, large

111
Q

How many platelets are typically found in the blood?

How long does each stay, on average?

A

150k - 450k

10 days

112
Q

Describe the outermost layer of a platelet.

A

Peripheral clear layer called the hyalomere

(rings of microtubules / actin / myosin)

113
Q

What are the two tubular systems found in the platelet hyalomere?

A

Open cannicular;

dense tubular

114
Q

What are the two main portions of a platelet?

(outer ring and inner region)

A

Outer - hyalomere

Inner - granulomere

115
Q

What are the three types of granule found in a platelet?

What do they contain?

A

α-granules – Fibrinogen, platelet-derived growth factor

δ-granules – Ca2+, ADP, ATP

γ-granules – lysosomal contents

116
Q

What do platelet α-granules contain?

A

Fibrinogen, platelet-derived growth factor

117
Q

What do platelet δ-granules contain?

A

Ca2+, ADP, ATP

118
Q

Platelet γ-granules are essentially what?

A

Lysosomes

119
Q

What factors are involved in platelet retraction?

A

Actin, myosin, & ATP

120
Q

What are the main two substances responsible for clot removal?

A

Plasmin & γ-granules (platelet lysosomes)

121
Q

What are the three platelet steps in clot formation?

A

Subendothelial attachment;

granule release;

adherence to each other

122
Q

What are the two types of hematopoeisis?

A

Myeloid;

lymphoid

123
Q

Pluripotent hematopoeitic stem cells give rise to what two types of multipotential hematopoeitic stem cells?

A

Myeloid stem cells;

lymphoid stem cells

124
Q

What are the largest cells in the bone marrow?

A

Megakaryocytes

125
Q

Megakaryocyte production of platelets is controlled by what factor?

A

Thrombopoietin

126
Q

Erythroblastic differentiation of stem cells is controlled by what factor?

A

Erythropoeitin

127
Q

Erythrocytes are derived from what type of multipotent hematopoeitic stem cell?

A

Myeloid stem cells

128
Q

Besides lymphocytes, what types of cell are derived from lymphoid stem cells?

(Note: lymphoid stem cells are multipotent hematopoeitic stem cells)

A

None;

the rest come from myeloid stem cells

129
Q

Megakaryoblasts are derived from what type of multipotent hematopoeitic stem cell?

A

Myeloid stem cells

130
Q

Ca2+, ADP, and ATP are found in which type of platelet granule?

A

δ-granules

(dense)

131
Q

Fibrinogen and platelet-derived growth factor are found in which type of platelet granule?

A

α-granules

132
Q

Which type of platelet granule is essentially a lysosome?

A

γ-granules

133
Q

What type of smear is used in preparing peripheral smears?

A

Wright Giemsa

134
Q

Describe the steps to prepare a peripheral smear.

A
135
Q

Which is characterized by a block in cellular differentiation, acute or chronic leukemias?

A

Acute

136
Q

Which is characterized by a proliferative abnormality, acute or chronic leukemias?

A

Chronic

137
Q

What are some disorders in the differential for left shifts in leukocytes?

A

Infection, stress, stimulant drugs, myeloproliferative disorders, leukemia

138
Q

What is a ‘left shift’ in leukocytes?

A

Earlier (immature) cells are seens

(bands, metamyelocytes, myelocytes, etc.)

139
Q

What two hematopoeitic cells would be easy to confuse as both seem to have a horseshoe nucleus?

A

Monocytes and band cells

140
Q

What are these two types of hematopoeitic cell?

A

Small lymphocyte (top);

large lymphocyte (bottom)

141
Q

Where is bone marrow typically found?

A

The medullary area of long bones / cavities of spongy bones

142
Q

What type of bone marrow is hematogenous?

What type is inactive?

A

Red;

yellow

143
Q

What type of capillary is found in bone marrow?

A

Sinusoidal (discontinuous)

144
Q

Pluripotent hematopoeitic stem cells give rise to what type of cell?

What are two subcategories of this type?

A

Multipotent hematopoeitic stem cells;

myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

145
Q

What is the main role played by natural killer cells?

What is the main role played by B cells?

What is the main role played by T cells?

A

Immunological surveillance;

humoral immunity (i.e. antibody production);

cell-mediated immunity

146
Q

What are the three broad categories of lymphocyte?

A

T cells

B cells

Natural killer cells

147
Q

Name the alternate names used interchangably with the following:

basophilic erythroblast

polychromatic erythroblast

orthochromatic erythroblast

A

Early normoblast

intermediate normoblast

late normoblast

148
Q

How will RBCs appear on light microscopy in iron-deficient conditions?

A

Hypochromic;

microcytic

149
Q

Why does hereditary spherocytosis cause anemia?

A

The spleen destroys the spherocytes much earlier than it would otherwise

150
Q

What are two major signs and symptoms of hereditary spherocytosis besides the normal S/Sy of anemia?

A

Jaundice

Splenomegaly

151
Q

What amino acid missense mutation causes sickle cell anemia?

A

Glutamic acid to valine

(6th position in β-globin chain)

152
Q

What general category of leukocyte is lobed?

What general category of leukocyte is non-lobed?

A

Granulocytes;

agranulocytes

153
Q

How big is a neutrophil’s diameter in relation to an RBC?

A

2x

(14 - 15 in a neutrophil vs. 7.5 in an RBC)

154
Q

What molecule do eosinophils release to neutralize heparin?

A

Eosinophil cationic protein

155
Q

What autosomal dominant condition is shown in this micrograph?

Its cause is very similar to what other disease?

A

Hereditary elliptocytosis;

hereditary spherocytosis

156
Q

Neutrophilia is generally due to what category of disease?

Eosinophilia is generally due to what types of disease?

Lymphocytosis is generally due to what category of disease?

A

Bacterial infection;

neoplasm, allergies, parasites, asthma;

viral infection

157
Q

Neutropenia is generally due to what category of disease?

A

Bone marrow damage/destruction

158
Q

What two types of tube system are found in platelets?

A

Open and dense cannicular systems

159
Q

Why do men have higher hemoglobin concentrations (14 - 16 mg/dl) than women (12 - 14 mg/dl)?

A

Higher androgen levels

160
Q

Hgb level x __ = hematocrit

A

~3

161
Q

Hematocrit / ~3 = __

A

Hgb

162
Q

What stain is used for peripheral smears?

A

Wright-Giemsa

163
Q

How much of a normal RBC is typically pale?

A

1/3 - 1/2

164
Q

RBCs are normally about the size of what other structure in the blood?

A

The nucleus of a lymphocyte

165
Q

Lymphocytes on smear will often be predominantly __________ (nucleus or cytoplasm).

A

Nucleus

166
Q

Auer rods are pathognomonic for what disease?

When present, they are seen in what type of cell?

A

AML;

myeloblasts

167
Q

What is a way to estimate the cellularity of a patient’s bone marrow?

(Cellularity; i.e., the cell : fat ratio)

A

100 - the patient’s age

(e.g. a 40-year-old might have 60% cellularity

a 15-year-old might have 85% cellularity)

168
Q

Is imatinib (Gleevec) still used?

A

Rarely;

there are many newer tyrosine kinase inhibitors which are better

(imatinib was the prototype / proof of concept)

169
Q

Which has functioning cells, acute or chronic leukemias?

A

Chronic

(the acute are early-stage, non-functional cells - hence, why blast crises exist)

170
Q

What type of named macrophage is found in the lymph node follicles (outer cortex)?

What type of named macrophage is found in the lymph node paracortex?

What type of named macrophage is found in the lymph node medulla?

A

Follicular dendritic cell;

dendritic cell (interdigitary);

histiocytes

171
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels can be found in what type(s) of lymphatic tissue?

A

Lymph nodes only

T1 - Phase 1 - Integrated (I) (28 decks)

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