CS&B - Histology - Practice Questions Flashcards
What stains were used in preparing this slide of the pancreas?
Hematoxylin and eosin
Which portion of H&E is postively charged (i.e., a basic dye)?
Hematoxylin
What are structures stained with basic dyes called?
Basophilic
What cellular component(s) of a cell have a high affinity for basic dyes?
Why?
Nucleic acids;
phosphate groups
Which portion of H&E is negatively charged (i.e., an acidic dye)?
Eosin
What are structures stained with acidic dyes called?
Acidophilic (or eosinophilic)
What cellular component(s) of a cell have a high affinity for acidophilic dyes?
Why?
Proteins (cytoplasm and collagen intensely stained);
arginine and lysine side chains
What are the two types of chromatin found in the nucleus?
Euchromatin;
heterochromatin
Which component(s) of the nucleus stains intensely with basophilic dyes?
Heterochromatin (DNA) and the nucleolus (RNA)
These dormant lymphocytes found in a lymph node contain predominantly what type of chromatin?
What does the small amount of cytoplasm suggest about these cells?
Heterochromatin;
very little protein synthesis
What are the nuclei of adipocytes like?
Round nuclei at the periphery of the cells
How large are the nuclei of the adipocytes in this image?
8 - 10 micrometers
What is the diameter of the lymphocytes in this image?
6 - 10 micrometers
What is the average diameter of a red blood cell?
~7.5 micrometers
What is the diameter of this motor neuron?
What is the diameter of its nucleus?
What is the diameter of the nuclei of nearby glial cells?
80 - 120 micrometers;
20 - 30 micrometers;
6 - 10 micrometers
What is the diameter of these hepatocytes?
And their nuclei?
~30 micrometers;
~10 micrometers
Are RBCs eosinophilic or basophilic?
Eosinophilic (acidophilic)
What is the range of diameters of white blood cells?
9 to 25 µm
How does cartilage stain, eosinophilic or basophilic?
Basophilic
What part of cartilage does hematoxylin stain?
The sulfated polysaccharides in the ECM
(negatively charged sulfate groups instead of nucleic acid’s negatively charged phosphate groups)
Describe the general staining of collagen, eosinophilic or basophilic?
Eosinophilic
What part of proteins tend to stain eosinophilically (acidophilically)?
Arginine and lysine side chains
What three features are used to classify epithelia?
Shape
Single /or/ multiple layers
Specializations
What are the two specialized forms of epithelia?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium
What separates the epithelium from underlying connective tissue?
Basement membrane
Are epithelia polarized?
Yes
What type of epithelium lines blood vessels (i.e. what type of epithelium is the endothelium)?
Simple squamous epithelium
What type of epithelium lines the common bile duct?
Simple columnar epithelium
What type of epithelium lines the anterior surface of the cornea?
And the posterior surface?
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium;
simple squamous epithelium
What type of epithelium covers mesentery?
Simple squamous epithelium
(this mesenteric covering is mesothelium)
What type of epithelium covers the outer surface of the ovary?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
What type of epithelium lines the oviduct?
Simple columnar epithelium
What type of epithelium lines the small intestine?
What surface specialization does it have?
What is the point of this specialization?
Simple columnar epithelium;
brush border (microvili);
increased surface area
In this slide of the small intestine, what is the dark line beneath the brush border called?
What type of cells have clusters of granules in their apical region?
What do these cells secrete?
Terminal web
goblet cells;
mucous
What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
(Be specific)
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
The epithelium is keratinized to protect against what?
The epithelium is lubricated with glycolipids to protect against what?
Abrasian;
dehydration
What structure of the skin primarily helps protect against abrasians?
What structure of the skin primarily helps protect against dehydration?
Keratin;
glycolipids
Cilia
(EM image)
Microvilli;
euchromatin;
heterochromatin;
mitochondria
(EM image)
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What type of tissue is indicated?
Where is this tissue typically found?
Stereociliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium;
the epididymis
Identify the indicated structure.
Microvillous border of simple columnar epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Stratified columnar epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
(mucosal epithelium)
Note: nuclei are present in surface layers, unlike in keratinized layers
Transitional epithelium (relaxed)
(dome-shaped)
Desmosome (macula adherens)
(EM image)
Zona occludens (tight junction);
zona adherens;
macula adherens (desmosome)
Which one of the following statements best explains why the composition of digested food on the gastrointestinal tract is different from the composition of tissue fluid on the basal side of the enteric epithelium?
A. Selective filtration of food particles occur across the structure labeled B
B. The structure labeled C forms the primary intercellular diffusion barrier between cells
C. Selective permeability due to the structure labeled A
D. The structures labeled A, B and C prevent exchange of fluid between cells
E. The structure labeled C regulates cellular transport of digested food
C
Tight junctions permit selective permeability so that fluids with different compositions can exist on separate sides of an epithelial layer
A 20-year-old man is brought to hospital with first-degree burns to his right arm. Which one of the following statements best describes the condition of the affected skin on this patient’s arm?
A. The basal lamina is affected
B. Mitotically active cells remain viable in the superficial layers of the epithelium of the skin
C. Only the middle layer of cells in the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin is affected
D. The deepest layer of cells (bottom arrows) is damaged
E. The superficial layer of cells (top arrows) is damaged
E
A 29-year-old female comes into hospital with reccurent lower respiratory tract infections. Further tests show that the patient has a genetic abnormality for the protein dynein in the structure labeled C in the diagram. This finding is consistent with which one of the following below?
A. Increased ciliary beating
B. Decreased rate of the cell cycle in males
C. Increased fertility in females
D. Absence of ciliary arms in the axonemes
E. Tumor of the respiratory epithelium
D. Absence of ciliary arms in the axonemes
Whilst examining a biopsy sample, a pathologist finds parts of the biopsy that appear disorganized and parts of the tissue that appear normal (left). On the basis of the appearance of the normal parts of the tissue, this biopsy was mostly likely taken from:
A. Respiratory tract
B. Skin of the uper arm
C. Intestine
D. Blood vessel
E. Urinary tract
E
What is the purpose of the zona adherens and macula adherens?
To serve as anchoring junctions
What is the purpose of the zona occludens?
To serve as a permeability barrier
Plakogoblins and desmoplakins are involved in assembly of:
Desmosomes
Contractility in the microvilli is due to the presence of what proteins in the terminal web?
Myosin and tropomyosin
What proteins cross-link actin in microvilli?
Fascin, espin, and fimbrin
Cholera toxin and cytomegalovirus make cell junctions permeable by acting on proteins in what cell junction?
The zona occludens
The proteins ZO1 and ZO3 allow for interaction between what two types of protein of microvillous epithelial cells?
Microfilaments and the zona occludens
Adipocytes
(strange stain)
Dense irregular connective tissue;
elastic fibers (requires special stain)
Dense regular connective tissue
Eopsinophils;
lymphocytes
Fibroblasts
Loose/areolar connective tissue
Loose/areolar connective tissue;
elastic fibers;
mast cells
Macrophages
Mesenchyme and mesenchymal cells
Plasma cells
Reticular fibers
(silver stained)
Name the three types of connective tissue fibers.
Reticular, elastic, collagen
(REC)
Name the major types of connective tissue.
Dense (regular and irregular);
loose;
elastic;
embryonic (mesenchymal)
Examine the staining of the muscular artery in mesentery.
What stain was used in this slide?
What color do collagen fibers stain in the outer wall?
What type of collagen forms these fibers?
H&E;
pink;
type I
Examine the staining (H&E) of the muscular artery in mesentery.
What color does smooth muscle stain in the inner wall?
What color do elastic fibers stain in the crenulated structure in the inner wall?
What cell produces collagen fibers?
bluish-pink;
colorless or translucent pink;
fibroblasts (and arterial smooth muscle)
What color does smooth muscle stain in an H&E stain?
What color does smooth muscle stain in an azan stain?
What color does smooth muscle stain in a Verhoeff stain?
Pink-red;
pink-red;
brown
What color does collagen stain in an H&E stain?
What color does collagen stain in an azan stain?
What color does collagen stain in a Verhoeff stain?
Pink;
blue;
red
What type of collagen is found in bulk in muscular arteries?
Type I
What cells produce elastic fibers?
Fibroblasts (and arterial smooth muscle)
What cells produce collagen fibers?
What cells produce elastic fibers?
(In smooth muscle?)
Fibroblasts
(and arterial smooth myocytes)
True/False.
The azan stain is a trichrome stain?
True.
What dye was used in staining this slide of a lymph node?
How can you tell?
Silver stain;
black reticular fibers illuminated throughout
Describe reticular fibers.
Small, branching type 3 collagen fibers that crosslink to form a fine meshwork
What type of collagen fiber is described here: small, branching fibers that crosslink to form a fine meshwork.
Reticular fibers
What type of cell produces reticular fibers?
Reticular cells
(specialized fibroblasts)
What type of connective tissue is mesentery?
Loose connective tissue
What is the main type of connective tissue fiber in the mesentery?
Type I collagen
What type of connective tissue is here described: Highly cellular with loosely packed, small collagen fibers that provide support for other structures.
Loose connective tissue
What are some large structures one might find in loose connective tissue?
Adipocytes
Blood vessels
Nerves
Lymph nodes
Knowing this is a tendon, what stain was used in preparing this slide?
H&E
What type of connective tissue are tendons?
Dense regular connective tissue
What type of tissue is this?
Dense regular connective tissue
(e.g. from a tendon)
What type of tissue is here described: Densely packed collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles with few cells.
Dense regular connective tissue
What is the main type of connective tissue fiber in dense regular connective tissue?
What is the most common cell type?
Type I collagen;
(enlarged) fibroblasts
What stain was used to make this slide of integument and subcutaneous tissue?
H&E
What type of connective tissue provides the skin’s support and strength?
What is the main connective tissue fiber involved?
Dense irregular connective tissue;
type I collagen
Elastic fibers stain intensely black on with what type of stain?
Vorhoeff’s
What type of connective tissue are the ligamentum nuchae and the ligamentum flava?
Elastic tissue
What type of connective tissue is here described?
Densely packed mixture of elastic and collagen fibers orientated in the same direction
Elastic tissue
What type of stain is here shown and stains elastic fibers red and collagen fibers dark blue?
Azan stain
What type of connective tissue is the umbilical cord?
Embryonic connective tissue
What are two examples of elastic connective tissue that support the head and spine, respectively?
Ligamentum nuchae;
ligamentum flava
What type of tissue is shown in this H&E stain?
How can you tell?
Embryonic (mesenchymal) connective tissue;
mesenchyme appears bluish-pink (sparse collagen fibers (pink) and abundant ground substance (blue))
Why does mesenchyme appear bluish-pink in an H&E stain?
Blue - abundant ground substance;
pink - sparse, interwoven collagen fibers (type I)
What is the main type of collagen found in mesenchymal tissue?
What is the main type of cell found in mesenchymal tissue?
Type I;
mesenchymal cells
Here is a slide a showing adipose tissue next to a portion of lymph node.
What stain was used in preparing this slide?
Toluidine blue
What is staining a different color than the dye known as?
(e.g. the purple cells in this slide prepared with toluidine blue)
Metachromasia
What are the metachromatic cells in this slide prepared with toluidine blue?
Why?
Mast cells;
intense staining of heparin granules
Why do plasma cells present with a ‘clock-face’ pattern?
Peripherally dispersed heterochromatin
This slide of the small intestine was prepared with what stain?
What cells are very apparent in the connective tissue here shown?
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E);
plasma cells
What stain was used to prepare this slide of a lymph node?
What large cell is very apparent here among the lymphocytes?
H&E;
macrophages
How do macrophages appear on staining with H&E?
Are they larger or smaller than lymphocytes?
Round to oval shape’
eosinophilic cytoplasm has a “foamy” appearance
What form of secretion do sebaceous glands use?
Holocrine
What is shown in this electron micrograph?
Gap junctions
What is shown in this electron micrograph?
Golgi apparatus
How common are sex chromosome abnormalities?
~1 per 1000 live births
In what cellular organelle is plasmalogen produced?
Peroxisomes
Where are lamin A and B found?
Where is laminin found?
The nuclear membrane;
the basement membrane
What enzyme is defective in Tay-Sachs disease?
Hexosaminidase A
Hexosaminidase A is defective in what disease?
Tay-Sachs disease
