Monera Flashcards
Where is bacteria found
Terrestrial and aquatic environments
What size are bacteria
Very small
Single celled
0.1-1.0um
What is a bacteria cell wall ,ade from
Mixture of sugars and proteins
What does the cell wall do
Prevents bursting when they are in cells less concentrated then their cytoplasm
What is the name of the semi solid layer sometimes present around the cell
Capsule
Do bacteria have chromosomes?
Yes one bacterial chromosome consisting of a circular strand of DNA
What are plasmids
They are one or more DNA loops present in bacterial cells and they contain genes responsible for resistance against antibiotics.
Where are bacterial genes present
Surrounding the chromosome and plasmid(s)
What is the cytoplasm and what does it contain
It is what surrounds the chromosome and contains ribosomes storage granular NO MITROCHONDRIA OR CHLOROPLASTS
What are flagella
They cause the cell to move
Name an example of a circular bacteria
Sore throat
Name an example of a rod bacteria
Tuberculosis
Name a spiral bacteria
Syphilis
What type of bacteria cells contains spore
Rod
Spiral
Name an example of bacterial cell that contains a capsule and what shape is it
Pneumonia
Round
What is the name of bacteria reproduction and is it a sexual or sexual
Boundary fission
Asexual
How does boundary fission happen
A strand of DNA copies itself into an identical strand
Th cell elongates and splits
Why does bacterial reproduction happen so quickly?
Mutations can spread rapidly
What can a bacterial cell produce to survive harsh conditions
Endospores
When are endospores formed
When bacteria chromosomes replicates with one new strand becoming included by a tough walled endospores formed inside the parent cell
The parent cell breaks down and thenendospore can remain dormant for s long time
When is the endospores made back to a normal cell
When conditions are suitable the endospores absorbs water and the tough wall breaks down
What are the two headings that the methods of a bacterial cells getting food is named under
Autotrophic and heterotrophic
What are the two methods in autotrophic
Chemosynthetic and photosynthetic
Define autotrophic
Means an organism makes its town food
What happens in photosynthesis
Cells use light energy to make food
Define chemosynthesis
The production of food using energy released from chemical reactions
Define herterotroph
An organism obtains food made by other organisms
Name the two heterotrophic bacteria
Saprophytes and parasites
Define saprophytes
Organisms that obtain food from a dead organic matter
Define parasites
Organisms that take food from a live host and usually cause harm
What are the factors that effect growth of bacteria
Temperature Oxygen concentration Ph External solute concentration Pressure
What temperature is needed for bacteria growth
20-30 degrees
Colder = slower
Name the 4 types of oxygen bacteria
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes
What are aerobic bacteria
Require oxygen
E.g. Streptococcus
What are anaerobic bacteria
Don’t require oxygen
E.g. Clostridium
What are facultative anaerobes
Can respite with or without oxygen
Eh ecoli
What are obligate anaerobes
Only respire in the absence of oxygen
Eh clostridium tetani
What ph is required
Bacterial enzymes are designed to work st specific phs
Most grow at 7
What happens when a bacterial enzyme is placed in an unsuitable ph
They are denatured
What pressure is required
Cell walls can not survive high pressure
Why is bacteria growth effected by external solution
Bacteria gain or lose water due to osmosis
What happens is the external solution is higher
The bacteria cell dries and enzymes stop working
What happens if the external solution is less concentrated
Water enters cell but doesn’t usually burst
What are the economic importance of bacteria
Used to convert milk to butter yogurt and cheese
Used in production of vinegar, silage and pickles
Modified bacteria can create insulin drugs enzymes amino acids vitamins and food flavourings and alcohol
What are disadvantages of bacteria
Cause food spoilage
Cause human, animal and plant harm
What are Bacteria that cause disease
Pathogenic bacteria
What are antibiotics
Chemicals produced by micro organisms that stop the growth/kill other organisms without harming human tissue
What aren’t killed by antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance developed by mutations
Potential a sue of antibiotics
Overuse
Failure to complete treatment
Are bacteria cells eukaryotes or prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
Monera kingdom
What are growth curves used for in bacteria
Typical population of bacteria growing
What are the 5 phase
Lag phase (A) Log phase (B) Stationary phase (C) Decline phase (D) Survival phase (E)
What happens in lag phase a
Bacterial numbers remain constant
Bacteria adapt to new environment
E.g. May produce new enzymes to digest nutrients
What happens in log phase b
Bacterial numbers increase rapidly
Maximum rate
Bacteria rate is doubling
Ideal conditions
AKA EXPONENTIAL PHASE
What happens in stationary phase
No increase in bacterial numbers
Death rate and production rate is equal
Factors slow down due to lack of food, space, moisture, oxygen and there is a build up of toxic waste
What happens in decline phase
Also known as death phase
Bacteria numbers fall and death rate is greater
What happens in Survival phase e
Small amount of bacteria survives by remaining dormant as spores
What is batch culture
Growth of cells in a sealed container over a short period of time under deal conditions and all conditions are used up
What is single cell protein
Production of edible forms of protein
What stages are in batch culture
Lag phase
Log phase
stationary
Why is there no decline or survival stage in batch culture
There is very little product formed at this stage and there is a danger of the micro organisms bursting or unwanted side products
What Continuous flow
Food processing with the growth of cells in an open container where nutrients are added and the end products are removed all the time at a rate that maintains the volume of liquid nd number of cells
What phase is continuous flow
Log
