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Biology > Monera > Flashcards

Monera Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is bacteria found

A

Terrestrial and aquatic environments

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2
Q

What size are bacteria

A

Very small
Single celled
0.1-1.0um

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3
Q

What is a bacteria cell wall ,ade from

A

Mixture of sugars and proteins

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4
Q

What does the cell wall do

A

Prevents bursting when they are in cells less concentrated then their cytoplasm

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5
Q

What is the name of the semi solid layer sometimes present around the cell

A

Capsule

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6
Q

Do bacteria have chromosomes?

A

Yes one bacterial chromosome consisting of a circular strand of DNA

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7
Q

What are plasmids

A

They are one or more DNA loops present in bacterial cells and they contain genes responsible for resistance against antibiotics.

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8
Q

Where are bacterial genes present

A

Surrounding the chromosome and plasmid(s)

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9
Q

What is the cytoplasm and what does it contain

A

It is what surrounds the chromosome and contains ribosomes storage granular NO MITROCHONDRIA OR CHLOROPLASTS

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10
Q

What are flagella

A

They cause the cell to move

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11
Q

Name an example of a circular bacteria

A

Sore throat

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12
Q

Name an example of a rod bacteria

A

Tuberculosis

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13
Q

Name a spiral bacteria

A

Syphilis

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14
Q

What type of bacteria cells contains spore

A

Rod

Spiral

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15
Q

Name an example of bacterial cell that contains a capsule and what shape is it

A

Pneumonia

Round

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16
Q

What is the name of bacteria reproduction and is it a sexual or sexual

A

Boundary fission

Asexual

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17
Q

How does boundary fission happen

A

A strand of DNA copies itself into an identical strand

Th cell elongates and splits

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18
Q

Why does bacterial reproduction happen so quickly?

A

Mutations can spread rapidly

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19
Q

What can a bacterial cell produce to survive harsh conditions

A

Endospores

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20
Q

When are endospores formed

A

When bacteria chromosomes replicates with one new strand becoming included by a tough walled endospores formed inside the parent cell
The parent cell breaks down and thenendospore can remain dormant for s long time

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21
Q

When is the endospores made back to a normal cell

A

When conditions are suitable the endospores absorbs water and the tough wall breaks down

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22
Q

What are the two headings that the methods of a bacterial cells getting food is named under

A

Autotrophic and heterotrophic

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23
Q

What are the two methods in autotrophic

A

Chemosynthetic and photosynthetic

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24
Q

Define autotrophic

A

Means an organism makes its town food

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25
Q

What happens in photosynthesis

A

Cells use light energy to make food

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26
Q

Define chemosynthesis

A

The production of food using energy released from chemical reactions

27
Q

Define herterotroph

A

An organism obtains food made by other organisms

28
Q

Name the two heterotrophic bacteria

A

Saprophytes and parasites

29
Q

Define saprophytes

A

Organisms that obtain food from a dead organic matter

30
Q

Define parasites

A

Organisms that take food from a live host and usually cause harm

31
Q

What are the factors that effect growth of bacteria

A 
Temperature 
Oxygen concentration
Ph 
External solute concentration 
Pressure
32
Q

What temperature is needed for bacteria growth

A

20-30 degrees

Colder = slower

33
Q

Name the 4 types of oxygen bacteria

A

Anaerobic
Aerobic
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes

34
Q

What are aerobic bacteria

A

Require oxygen

E.g. Streptococcus

35
Q

What are anaerobic bacteria

A

Don’t require oxygen

E.g. Clostridium

36
Q

What are facultative anaerobes

A

Can respite with or without oxygen

Eh ecoli

37
Q

What are obligate anaerobes

A

Only respire in the absence of oxygen

Eh clostridium tetani

38
Q

What ph is required

A

Bacterial enzymes are designed to work st specific phs

Most grow at 7

39
Q

What happens when a bacterial enzyme is placed in an unsuitable ph

A

They are denatured

40
Q

What pressure is required

A

Cell walls can not survive high pressure

41
Q

Why is bacteria growth effected by external solution

A

Bacteria gain or lose water due to osmosis

42
Q

What happens is the external solution is higher

A

The bacteria cell dries and enzymes stop working

43
Q

What happens if the external solution is less concentrated

A

Water enters cell but doesn’t usually burst

44
Q

What are the economic importance of bacteria

A

Used to convert milk to butter yogurt and cheese
Used in production of vinegar, silage and pickles
Modified bacteria can create insulin drugs enzymes amino acids vitamins and food flavourings and alcohol

45
Q

What are disadvantages of bacteria

A

Cause food spoilage

Cause human, animal and plant harm

46
Q

What are Bacteria that cause disease

A

Pathogenic bacteria

47
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Chemicals produced by micro organisms that stop the growth/kill other organisms without harming human tissue

48
Q

What aren’t killed by antibiotics

A

Antibiotic resistance developed by mutations

49
Q

Potential a sue of antibiotics

A

Overuse

Failure to complete treatment

50
Q

Are bacteria cells eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes

Monera kingdom

51
Q

What are growth curves used for in bacteria

A

Typical population of bacteria growing

52
Q

What are the 5 phase

A 
Lag phase (A) 
Log phase (B) 
Stationary phase (C)
Decline phase (D) 
Survival phase (E)
53
Q

What happens in lag phase a

A

Bacterial numbers remain constant
Bacteria adapt to new environment
E.g. May produce new enzymes to digest nutrients

54
Q

What happens in log phase b

A

Bacterial numbers increase rapidly
Maximum rate
Bacteria rate is doubling
Ideal conditions

AKA EXPONENTIAL PHASE

55
Q

What happens in stationary phase

A

No increase in bacterial numbers
Death rate and production rate is equal
Factors slow down due to lack of food, space, moisture, oxygen and there is a build up of toxic waste

56
Q

What happens in decline phase

A

Also known as death phase

Bacteria numbers fall and death rate is greater

57
Q

What happens in Survival phase e

A

Small amount of bacteria survives by remaining dormant as spores

58
Q

What is batch culture

A

Growth of cells in a sealed container over a short period of time under deal conditions and all conditions are used up

59
Q

What is single cell protein

A

Production of edible forms of protein

60
Q

What stages are in batch culture

A

Lag phase
Log phase
stationary

61
Q

Why is there no decline or survival stage in batch culture

A

There is very little product formed at this stage and there is a danger of the micro organisms bursting or unwanted side products

62
Q

What Continuous flow

A

Food processing with the growth of cells in an open container where nutrients are added and the end products are removed all the time at a rate that maintains the volume of liquid nd number of cells

63
Q

What phase is continuous flow

A

Log

Biology (22 decks)

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