Human Defence System Flashcards
What is the Humana defence system designed to do
Protect itself from foreign cells PATHOGENS
What are our two lines of defence
General and specific
What does the general defence system act as
A barrier
Is the general defence system specific
No
What is the general defence system broken down into
1st line and the second line
What is in the first line of the general defence system
Skin Clotting Mucus Acid Cilia Lysozyme
What is Cilicia
Tiny hairs which line the respiratory system they best to move mucus
What does the acid do
Kill bacteria by denaturing enzymes
What does the lysozyme do
Enzyme in sweat and tears which dissolves cell walls
How does the skin protect the body
Physical barrier which secretes enzymes which kill pathogens
What does the second line of general defence system contain
Phagocytic white blood cells
Inflammation
Defence programmes
What do phagocytic white blood cells do
Ingest pathogens
What are large phagocytes called
Macrophages
What can phagocytes do
Move around the body or remain fixed
Where do phagocytes remained fixed
Spleen lymphatic system
What can phagocytes secrete
Chemicals that stimulate the general defence and cause fevers to destroy microbes at high temperatures
What are defence proteins
Set of 20 proteins in blood plasma that cause virus to burst
What stop viral multiplication
Interferons
What is inflammation
Infected cells release a chemical that causes blood swells to dilate
What is the name of the chemicals that cuss flammstion
Histamine
What are defence proteins also know as
Complementary system.
What is the specific defence system
Immune system
What activates the specific defence system
When pathogens get past the general defence system
What are organs that store white blood cells called
Lymphocytes, monocytes
What are lymphocytes and monocytes
Tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes
What are antigens
Amy foreign molecules capable of triggering an antibody response
Where are antigens found
Bacterial cell walls
Viral costs
Foreign cells
Cancerous cells
What is an antibody
A protein produced by a white blood cell (lymphocyte) in response to an antigen
Where are lymphocytes and monocytes made
Bone marrow
Where do monocytes and lymphocytes go to from the bone marrow
Blood vessels and the lymphatic system
What do monocytes turn into
Macrophages
What do monocytes have
Small lobed nucleus
What do macrophages have the ability to do
Recognise antigens
What do macrophages do to antigens
Engulf foreign bodies and display the antigen on their surface to stimulate antibody production
What are the two types of lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
What do lymphocytes have
Large round nucleus
What do lymphocytes do
Continually inspect monocytes and body cells for evidence of antigens
What do lymphocytes do when an antigen is found
They divide into a huge mass of cells
Where do b lymphocytes made and mature
Bone marrow
What do each B lymphocytes produce
Only one type of antibody
What happens when a b lymphocyte comes into contact with a specific antigen
They produce thousand of identical B cells
What are the identica B cells called
Plasma cells
What do the thousands of B cells produce
Thousands of antibodies to fight the antigens
What happens to B cells after they have been fought
Mostly die
What happens to surviving B cells
They become memory B cells so it is faster to fight off the same pathogen if it comes back
HOW WE ACHIEVE IMMUNITY
Where do at cells mature and where are they made
Made in bone marrow
Mature in thymus gland
Do lymphocytes produce antibodies
No
What are the 4 Kinds of T cells
Helper
Killer
Suppressor
Memory
What do helper T cells do?
Recognise antigens on macrophages, enlarge and form clones and secrete enzymes (INTERFERON)
This stimulates production of B cells
What do helper T cells
Attack cells containing foreign antigens
What do helper T cells secrete
Chemical protein perforin that perforate the membranes of cells water and ions flow through the pores and infected cells swell and burst
What do suppressor cells do
Become activated once the antigen or pathogen has been destroyed
They inhibit B cells and certain T cells from working
The y suppress the immune system
What do memory T cells do
They survive for life for life they memories the immune response and stimulate memory B cells and produce antibodies if needed
What is the ability to resist dissed
Induced immunity
What are the two types of induced immunity
Active and passive
What are the two types of active and passive immunity
Natural and passive
What is active immunity
When a person produces their own antibodies in response to antigens
What is natural active immunity
Memory cells are produced
What is artificial active immunity
Obtained from a vaccination
What is a vaccination
Injection of killed pathogens which stimulate an immune response
What’s immunisation
A process to increase the organisms reaction to an antigen
What’s a vaccine
Non disease causing dose of pathogen
What is passive immunity
Antibodies passed in from another organism
What is natural, passive immunity
Occurs when a child revives antibodies from their mother
What is artificial passive immunity
Received antibodies from an injection / antibody
