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Biology > Human Defence System > Flashcards

Human Defence System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Humana defence system designed to do

A

Protect itself from foreign cells PATHOGENS

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2
Q

What are our two lines of defence

A

General and specific

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3
Q

What does the general defence system act as

A

A barrier

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4
Q

Is the general defence system specific

A

No

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5
Q

What is the general defence system broken down into

A

1st line and the second line

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6
Q

What is in the first line of the general defence system

A 
Skin 
Clotting 
Mucus 
Acid 
Cilia 
Lysozyme
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7
Q

What is Cilicia

A

Tiny hairs which line the respiratory system they best to move mucus

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8
Q

What does the acid do

A

Kill bacteria by denaturing enzymes

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9
Q

What does the lysozyme do

A

Enzyme in sweat and tears which dissolves cell walls

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10
Q

How does the skin protect the body

A

Physical barrier which secretes enzymes which kill pathogens

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11
Q

What does the second line of general defence system contain

A

Phagocytic white blood cells
Inflammation
Defence programmes

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12
Q

What do phagocytic white blood cells do

A

Ingest pathogens

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13
Q

What are large phagocytes called

A

Macrophages

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14
Q

What can phagocytes do

A

Move around the body or remain fixed

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15
Q

Where do phagocytes remained fixed

A

Spleen lymphatic system

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16
Q

What can phagocytes secrete

A

Chemicals that stimulate the general defence and cause fevers to destroy microbes at high temperatures

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17
Q

What are defence proteins

A

Set of 20 proteins in blood plasma that cause virus to burst

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18
Q

What stop viral multiplication

A

Interferons

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19
Q

What is inflammation

A

Infected cells release a chemical that causes blood swells to dilate

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20
Q

What is the name of the chemicals that cuss flammstion

A

Histamine

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21
Q

What are defence proteins also know as

A

Complementary system.

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22
Q

What is the specific defence system

A

Immune system

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23
Q

What activates the specific defence system

A

When pathogens get past the general defence system

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24
Q

What are organs that store white blood cells called

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes

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25
Q

What are lymphocytes and monocytes

A

Tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes

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26
Q

What are antigens

A

Amy foreign molecules capable of triggering an antibody response

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27
Q

Where are antigens found

A

Bacterial cell walls
Viral costs
Foreign cells
Cancerous cells

28
Q

What is an antibody

A

A protein produced by a white blood cell (lymphocyte) in response to an antigen

29
Q

Where are lymphocytes and monocytes made

A

Bone marrow

30
Q

Where do monocytes and lymphocytes go to from the bone marrow

A

Blood vessels and the lymphatic system

31
Q

What do monocytes turn into

A

Macrophages

32
Q

What do monocytes have

A

Small lobed nucleus

33
Q

What do macrophages have the ability to do

A

Recognise antigens

34
Q

What do macrophages do to antigens

A

Engulf foreign bodies and display the antigen on their surface to stimulate antibody production

35
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

36
Q

What do lymphocytes have

A

Large round nucleus

37
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Continually inspect monocytes and body cells for evidence of antigens

38
Q

What do lymphocytes do when an antigen is found

A

They divide into a huge mass of cells

39
Q

Where do b lymphocytes made and mature

A

Bone marrow

40
Q

What do each B lymphocytes produce

A

Only one type of antibody

41
Q

What happens when a b lymphocyte comes into contact with a specific antigen

A

They produce thousand of identical B cells

42
Q

What are the identica B cells called

A

Plasma cells

43
Q

What do the thousands of B cells produce

A

Thousands of antibodies to fight the antigens

44
Q

What happens to B cells after they have been fought

A

Mostly die

45
Q

What happens to surviving B cells

A

They become memory B cells so it is faster to fight off the same pathogen if it comes back

HOW WE ACHIEVE IMMUNITY

46
Q

Where do at cells mature and where are they made

A

Made in bone marrow

Mature in thymus gland

47
Q

Do lymphocytes produce antibodies

A

No

48
Q

What are the 4 Kinds of T cells

A

Helper
Killer
Suppressor
Memory

49
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

Recognise antigens on macrophages, enlarge and form clones and secrete enzymes (INTERFERON)

This stimulates production of B cells

50
Q

What do helper T cells

A

Attack cells containing foreign antigens

51
Q

What do helper T cells secrete

A

Chemical protein perforin that perforate the membranes of cells water and ions flow through the pores and infected cells swell and burst

52
Q

What do suppressor cells do

A

Become activated once the antigen or pathogen has been destroyed
They inhibit B cells and certain T cells from working
The y suppress the immune system

53
Q

What do memory T cells do

A

They survive for life for life they memories the immune response and stimulate memory B cells and produce antibodies if needed

54
Q

What is the ability to resist dissed

A

Induced immunity

55
Q

What are the two types of induced immunity

A

Active and passive

56
Q

What are the two types of active and passive immunity

A

Natural and passive

57
Q

What is active immunity

A

When a person produces their own antibodies in response to antigens

58
Q

What is natural active immunity

A

Memory cells are produced

59
Q

What is artificial active immunity

A

Obtained from a vaccination

60
Q

What is a vaccination

A

Injection of killed pathogens which stimulate an immune response

61
Q

What’s immunisation

A

A process to increase the organisms reaction to an antigen

62
Q

What’s a vaccine

A

Non disease causing dose of pathogen

63
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Antibodies passed in from another organism

64
Q

What is natural, passive immunity

A

Occurs when a child revives antibodies from their mother

65
Q

What is artificial passive immunity

A

Received antibodies from an injection / antibody

Biology (22 decks)

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