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Biology > DNA AND RNA > Flashcards

DNA AND RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What does DNA stand for.

A

Detoxribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Where is DNA found

A

Nucleus of a cell

Can also be found in the mitochondria and chloroplast

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3
Q

How does the DNA for in the nucleus

A

It can coil and fold

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4
Q

How many strands does DNA have

A

2

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5
Q

What are the four bases used in DNA

A

A - adenine
t - thymine
G- guanine
C- cytosine

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6
Q

What two pairs of bases join together

A

A+T

G+C

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7
Q

What shape does DNA have

A

Double helix

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8
Q

What is a gene

A

A section of DNA that causes the production of a protein

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9
Q

How many amino acids are used in the production of a protein

A

20

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10
Q

What does a gene carry

A

Different codes to control the formation of different amino acids

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11
Q

What do genetic codes have

A

For each amino acid they have a sequence of three bases

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12
Q

What are a sequence of three bases known as

A

A triplet / Codon

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13
Q

What is the sequence for
valine
Alanine

A

CAA

CGA

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14
Q

What are non coding DNA

A

They do not have a code for the formation of a protein- also known as DNA junk

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15
Q

What happens during DNA replication

A

When mitosis occurs one cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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16
Q

Why does the replication occurs

A

So there is an exact copy of the DNA for mitosis to occur

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17
Q

Where does the mitosis take place

A

Interphase

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18
Q

How does DNA replication occur

A

The double helix unwinds
Enzymes break the bond between the base pairs
Other DNA bases now enter the nucleus and join with the exposed DNA strand
Each new strand is identical to the original strand.

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19
Q

What is DNA profiling

A

It is a method of making unique pattern of bands from DNA of a person which is then used to tell the difference of that DNA from the other DNA

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20
Q

What is the method of DNA profiling

A

DNA is released
San is cut into fragments
Fragments are separated
Patterson are compared

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21
Q

How is the DNA released

A

By the breaking down of the cell

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22
Q

How is the DNA cut into fragments

A

Using enzymes

They will be different lengths because if the different distances between the base sequences

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23
Q

How are the fragments separated

A

Based on their size
By a process called gel electrophoresis
An electric current is passed through the gel which allows bands of small DNA fragments to be separated from larger DNA fragments

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24
Q

When might DNA profiling be used

A

To determine suspects of a crime

To determine if someone is the parent of a child

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25
Q

What is genetic screening

A

Testing DNA for the presence or absence of a certain gene or an altered gene

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26
Q

How can genes be altered

A

By mutations

Or genetic disorders : cystic fibrosis. Albinism

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27
Q

What are altered genes

A

They do not have the correct code for the production of a protein

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28
Q

When is genetic screening used

A

On people who have genetic disorders, tells them the chances that their children will get these

Foetal screening, cells can be removed from get placenta of a foetus

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29
Q

What ethical issue does genetic screening bring

A

Mothers determine if their unborn child has a genetic disorder

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30
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

DNA made up of units called nucleotides

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31
Q

What is a long chain of nucleotides called

A

Polynucleotide

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32
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of

A

Phosphate —- sugar —- nitrogen base

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33
Q

What are the symbols of the structure of a polynucleotide I

A

Sugar is a deoxyribose : D
Phosphate : P
Nitrogen base : A or G or T or C

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34
Q

What holds bases together

A

Hydrogen bond

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35
Q

What for, two weak hydrogen bonds

A

Adenine and thymine

36
Q

What forms three hydrogen bonds

A

Guanine and cytosine

37
Q

What are the four nitrogen bases know as

A 
Two = purines 
Two = pyrimidine
38
Q

What are the two purine bases

A

Double ringed molecules - A and G

39
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases

A

Single ringed molecules T and C

40
Q

What scientists discovered the shape and structure of DNA

A

France’s crick and James Watson

41
Q

What is protein synthesis

A

The making of a protein

42
Q

What is the method of protein synthesis

A

Enzymes start to unwind the DNA
Complimentary RNA bases join to the exposed DMA strand (transcription)
The enzyme RNA polymerase joins the RNA bases together to form mRNA
MRNA moves from the NUCELUS to the cytoplasm
rRNA are found in the ribosomes
mRNA the moves into the ribosome and then forms a weak bond with the rRNA
tRNA is found in the cytoplasm
tRNA contains an anticodon attached to an amino acid
tRNA is attracted to the mRNA in the ribosome
The anticodon on the tRNA compliments the codon on the mRNA
As the tRNA attach to the mRNA in the ribosome it also bring with it an amino acid
As the tRNA c

43
Q

What is the making of mRNA from DNA

A

Transcription

44
Q

What is the making of a protein depending on the RNA code

A

Translation

45
Q

What are the major steps involved in protein synthesis

A

Transcription and

Translation

46
Q

What are the three types of RNA involved in the production of a protein

A

Messenger RNA
TRANSFER RNA
ribosomal DNA

ALL PRODUCED IN THE NUCELUS

47
Q

What does each strand of messenger RNA have

A

A start codon
A series of codon
Stop codon

48
Q

What is the definition of heredity

A

The passing on of features from the parents of offspring by the means of genes

49
Q

What is a gene expression

A

Is the way in which the genetic information in a gene is decoded in the cell and used to make a protein

50
Q

What are characteristics

A

Traits that are inherited genetically

51
Q

What is an anticodon

A

Is a sequence of three bases on tRNA that are complementary to a sequence of three bases on mRNA.

52
Q

What is the function of mRNA

A

Complementary strand to DNA

Carries instruction of the production of a protein from DNA to a ribosome

53
Q

What function has tRNA

A

Has a complementary anticodon to mRNA codon

Carries an amino acid to the ribosome

54
Q

What function has rRNA

A

Forms part of the structure of the ribosome

Forms a weak bind with mRNA in the ribosome

55
Q

What are chromosome composed of

A

60% protein

40% DNA

56
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA

  • double strand
  • Sugar is deoxyribose
  • Much longer
  • Has thymine
  • Self replication
  • Only in the nucleus

RNA

  • Single strand
  • Sugar is ribose
  • Has uracil
  • Shore molecule
  • Not self replicating
  • Found in nucleus and cytoplasm.
57
Q

What is heredity

A

Posting on of features from parents to offspring by means of genes

58
Q

What can plants inherit

A

Number of petals

Colour

59
Q

What is a gene

A

Section of DNA that causes the production of a protein

60
Q

What is gene expression

A

The way in which the genetic information in a gene is decoded in the cell to make a protein

61
Q

What does the expression of a gene do

A

Produces the characteristics of traits that are inherited

62
Q

What effects genese

A

If the nutrients aren’t supplied for it eg sunlight

63
Q

What are characteristics

A

Traits or features that are inherited genetically

64
Q

What are chromosomes made of

A

60 protein

49 DNA

65
Q

What is the protein responsible for in a chromosome

A

Holding the DNA

66
Q

What % of chromosomes are non coding DNA

A

97

67
Q

What’s the genetic code

A

Sequence of bases in DNA that provide the instruction for a cell (using RNA) to form a protein

68
Q

When is a code sent to

A

Cytoplasm

69
Q

What is a gene

A

a section of DNA that instructs a cell to form a particular protein

70
Q

What is a triplet or codon

A

Sequence of three bases in DNA that act as a code for an amino acid

71
Q

During DNA replication where do the DNA base pairs come from

A

Normally present in be cytoplasm enter the nucleus

72
Q

Method of preparing a DNA profile

A

1, DNA is released from the cells

  1. DNA is cut into fragments of different lengths
  2. They are separated according to size
  3. Pattern is analysed
73
Q

What is a DNA profile

A

Method of making a unique pattern of bands from DNA of. A person which can then be used to compare with a DNA profile of another person.

74
Q

How is the isolation DNA cut into fragments

A

Using restriction enzymes

75
Q

How are the fragments separated

A

Using gel electrophoresis

76
Q

What is forensic medicine

A

The way in which medical knowledge is used in legal situations

77
Q

How does DNA screening work

A

Addicting a radioactive section of DNA to a sample of DNA from the person being tested the DNA will only attach to a normal gene

78
Q

What is foetal screening

A

Cells can be removed from the embryo placenta it fluid around the foetus and tested to detect is the embryo has any genetic disorders

79
Q

How does DNA and RNA differ

A

RNA is based on the sugar ribose
RNA consists of 4 bases - A U G C
RNA IS SINGLE STRANDED
RNA can move out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

80
Q

What happens in protein synthesis

A

The sequence of bases on a DNA strand carries instructions to form a particular protein

The DNA separates (nucleus)

RNA bases attach to the exposed bases on the side of the DNA (TRANSCRIBED)

mRNA strand detaches from the DNA and moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and through a ribosome where is it TRANSLATED into the correct sequence of amino acids

The protein becomes folded as it emerges from the ribosome

81
Q

What are the classifications of the bases in DNA

A

Purines

Pyrimidines

82
Q

What are purines

A

Double ring molecules (A AND G)

83
Q

What are pyrimidines

A

Single ring T AND C

84
Q

What hold base pairs

A

Hydrogen bonds

85
Q

Where does the DNA double helix unwind

A

The site of the gene that is going to produce a protein

86
Q

What causes the sequence of RNA bases to join together to form messenger RNA

A

DNA polymerase

87
Q

What is an anticondon

A

Sequence of three bases on tRNA that are complementary to a sequence of three bases on mRNA

Biology (22 decks)

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