Modules 40-41 Flashcards
process by which we perceive and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging
stress (reaction)
things that we appraise as threatening or challenging; pushes our buttons
stressors (stimulus)
a traumatic event is – stress
extreme
serving in active duty combat in a war zone is – stress
prolonged
extreme and prolonged stress can cause – including increasing the risk of developing illnesses and disorders
psychological and physical harm
Unpleasant, large-scale events
catastrophes
Personal events; life transitions
significant life changes
day-to-day challenges (LA traffic)
daily hassles
termed proposed by Cannon to describe the stress response
fight-or-flight system
fight-or-flight system involves the – nervous system
autonomic
fight, flight, or – including individuals who don’t make a decision, stop moving toward or away from a threat
freeze
Selye proposed this three-phase system = –describes the entire stress response over time
general adaptation syndrome (GAS) (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)
Facing stress, women may have a – response
tend-and-befriend
Facing stress, men are more likely to –, turn to substances such as alcohol or become irritable
withdraw
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
health psychology
study mind-body interactions, including stress-related physical illnesses, such as hypertension and some headaches.
Psychoneuroimmunologists
the field of study of these mind-body interactions and researchers in this area have found that emotions and stress interact to negatively impact the immune system, resulting in increased susceptibility to developing an illness
Psychneuroimmunology
type of white blood cell; part of the humoral immunity component of the immune system; secrete antibodies
B lymphocytes
type of white blood cell; cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocytes
large white blood cell found in tissue or mobile at sites of infection
macrophages
type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) that is able to bind to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without stimulation of antigens
NK cells
NK works by inserting granules containing – into infected cells
perforin
Many things impact the immune system including: age, –, genes, body temperature, and nutrition
stress
When the immune system malfunctions, it either responds too strongly or –
under-responds
If the immune system reacts – , this can result in self-attacking diseases, or autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and lupus.
too intensely
When the immune system isn’t functioning strongly enough, individuals are at increased risk for –.
bacterial infections, viruses, and cancer
is the primary stress hormone released and can result in increased body fat, particularly in the abdominal area
cortisol
increased release of cortisol (and other secondary stress hormones) can result in a – immune system
weakened
Stress does not make people sick –, but rather negatively impacts the immune system’s ability to function, thereby increasing risk for developing an illness
directly
– individuals are at a higher risk for heart attack and heart disease, particularly men
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard - driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger - prone people
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easy going, relaxed people
Type B
Term for people who suppress negative emotion to avoid social disapproval
Type D
T/F: Pessimists are more likely than optimists to develop heart disease
true
– increases risk of death, especially by cardiovascular disease;
Depression
the American Heart Association recommends that any person who undergoes – should be screened for depression.
cardiac surgery
Chronic stress triggers persistent – which increases risk of heart disease and depression
inflammation
Reducing stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
coping
Problem-focused coping: Attempting to reduce stress – by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
directly
Emotion-focused coping: Attempting to reduce stress by – a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
avoiding or ignoring
When we feel a perceived loss of control, our bodies release –, blood pressure increases, and immune system response becomes less effective
more stress hormones (cortisol)
Those who have an external locus of control believe that chance or outside forces control their fate (often associated with –)
depression
Those who have an internal locus of control believe they control their own destiny (when too high, often associated with –)
anxiety
ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
self-control
– temporarily depletes the mental energy needed for self-control on other tasks.
Exercising willpower
– requires attention and energy, but it predicts good adjustment, better grades, and social success
self-control
Learned – involves a loss of control
helplessness
A person experiences uncontrollable negative events, develops a perceived lack of control, and then even when given the opportunity to make a positive change, these individuals will display –
helpless behavior
This construct was developed by Seligman and informed by experiments with dogs being shocked and initially being given no way to escape; then later when given the chance to get away from the shocks, the dogs no longer tried to do so
learned helplessness
–, relaxation, exercise; faith/religion/spirituality are ways to reduce stress
meditation
