Modules 40-41

Question 1

process by which we perceive and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Answer 1

stress (reaction)

Question 2

things that we appraise as threatening or challenging; pushes our buttons

Answer 2

stressors (stimulus)

Question 3

a traumatic event is – stress

Answer 3

extreme

Question 4

serving in active duty combat in a war zone is – stress

Answer 4

prolonged

Question 5

extreme and prolonged stress can cause – including increasing the risk of developing illnesses and disorders

Answer 5

psychological and physical harm

Question 6

Unpleasant, large-scale events

Answer 6

catastrophes

Question 7

Personal events; life transitions

Answer 7

significant life changes

Question 8

day-to-day challenges (LA traffic)

Answer 8

daily hassles

Question 9

termed proposed by Cannon to describe the stress response

Answer 9

fight-or-flight system

Question 10

fight-or-flight system involves the – nervous system

Answer 10

autonomic

Question 11

fight, flight, or – including individuals who don’t make a decision, stop moving toward or away from a threat

Answer 11

freeze

Question 12

Selye proposed this three-phase system = –describes the entire stress response over time

Answer 12

general adaptation syndrome (GAS) (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)

Question 13

Facing stress, women may have a – response

Answer 13

tend-and-befriend

Question 14

Facing stress, men are more likely to –, turn to substances such as alcohol or become irritable

Answer 14

withdraw

Question 15

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

Answer 15

health psychology

Question 16

study mind-body interactions, including stress-related physical illnesses, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Answer 16

Psychoneuroimmunologists

Question 17

the field of study of these mind-body interactions and researchers in this area have found that emotions and stress interact to negatively impact the immune system, resulting in increased susceptibility to developing an illness

Answer 17

Psychneuroimmunology

Question 18

type of white blood cell; part of the humoral immunity component of the immune system; secrete antibodies

Answer 18

B lymphocytes

Question 19

type of white blood cell; cell-mediated immunity

Answer 19

T lymphocytes

Question 20

large white blood cell found in tissue or mobile at sites of infection

Answer 20

macrophages

Question 21

type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) that is able to bind to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without stimulation of antigens

Answer 21

NK cells

Question 22

NK works by inserting granules containing – into infected cells

Answer 22

perforin

Question 23

Many things impact the immune system including: age, –, genes, body temperature, and nutrition

Answer 23

stress

Question 24

When the immune system malfunctions, it either responds too strongly or –

Answer 24

under-responds

Question 25

If the immune system reacts -- , this can result in self-attacking diseases, or autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and lupus.

Answer 25

too intensely

Question 26

When the immune system isn’t functioning strongly enough, individuals are at increased risk for --.

Answer 26

bacterial infections, viruses, and cancer

Question 27

is the primary stress hormone released and can result in increased body fat, particularly in the abdominal area

Answer 27

cortisol

Question 28

increased release of cortisol (and other secondary stress hormones) can result in a -- immune system

Answer 28

weakened

Question 29

Stress does not make people sick --, but rather negatively impacts the immune system’s ability to function, thereby increasing risk for developing an illness

Answer 29

directly

Question 30

-- individuals are at a higher risk for heart attack and heart disease, particularly men

Answer 30

Type A

Question 31

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard - driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger - prone people

Answer 31

Type A

Question 32

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easy going, relaxed people

Answer 32

Type B

Question 33

Term for people who suppress negative emotion to avoid social disapproval

Answer 33

Type D

Question 34

T/F: Pessimists are more likely than optimists to develop heart disease

Answer 34

true

Question 35

-- increases risk of death, especially by cardiovascular disease;

Answer 35

Depression

Question 36

the American Heart Association recommends that any person who undergoes -- should be screened for depression.

Answer 36

cardiac surgery

Question 37

Chronic stress triggers persistent -- which increases risk of heart disease and depression

Answer 37

inflammation

Question 38

Reducing stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

Answer 38

coping

Question 39

Problem-focused coping: Attempting to reduce stress -- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Answer 39

directly

Question 40

Emotion-focused coping: Attempting to reduce stress by -- a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction

Answer 40

avoiding or ignoring

Question 41

When we feel a perceived loss of control, our bodies release --, blood pressure increases, and immune system response becomes less effective

Answer 41

more stress hormones (cortisol)

Question 42

Those who have an external locus of control believe that chance or outside forces control their fate (often associated with --)

Answer 42

depression

Question 43

Those who have an internal locus of control believe they control their own destiny (when too high, often associated with --)

Answer 43

anxiety

Question 44

ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

Answer 44

self-control

Question 45

-- temporarily depletes the mental energy needed for self-control on other tasks.

Answer 45

Exercising willpower

Question 46

-- requires attention and energy, but it predicts good adjustment, better grades, and social success

Answer 46

self-control

Question 47

Learned -- involves a loss of control

Answer 47

helplessness

Question 48

A person experiences uncontrollable negative events, develops a perceived lack of control, and then even when given the opportunity to make a positive change, these individuals will display --

Answer 48

helpless behavior

Question 49

This construct was developed by Seligman and informed by experiments with dogs being shocked and initially being given no way to escape; then later when given the chance to get away from the shocks, the dogs no longer tried to do so

Answer 49

learned helplessness

Question 50

--, relaxation, exercise; faith/religion/spirituality are ways to reduce stress

Answer 50

meditation