Module 49-50 Flashcards
Are marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
psychological disorders
psychological disorders interfere with –
function
Drilling skull holes may have been an attempt to release evil spirits and cure those with mental disorders.
trephination
Search for physical cause of mental disorders and for curative treatments
medical model
in medical model, mental illness diagnosed on basis of – and treated through therapy, including treatment
symptoms
General approach positing that biological, psychological, and social- cultural factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness
biopsychosocial approach
biopsychosocial approach, – also informs our understanding of disorders
epigenetics
things happen to us: – locus of control
external
we are agents of change: – locus of control
internal
DSM-5 create diagnostic – each containing a check-list of symptoms
categories
more than one or more additional disorders
comorbidity
things that go together (depression and anxiety)
kissing cousins
Describes disorders and estimates their occurrence
DSM-5
changes in the DSM-5
label changes, new/altered diagnoses, new categories
DSM-5 benefits
communication and research
Are people with psychological disorder dangerous?
no
Most people with disorders are – and are more likely to be victims than attackers
nonviolent
Psychological disorder rates vary, depending on the – and place of the survey.
time
– is a risk factor for psychological disorders.
Poverty
are marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Anxiety disorders
Person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
generalized anxiety disorder
Person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the next attack might strike
panic disorder
Person experiences a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
phobias
Characterized by persistent and repetitive thoughts
(obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
obsessive-compulsive disorder
OCD occurs when obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors interfere with everyday life and cause –
distress
OCD is more common among
teens and young adults
– is a driver of development and consequence of psychological disorder
SES
low SES tend to have fewer –
resources
T/F: high SES cannot lead to psychological disorder
false
worry disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
1 out of every – Americans will experience 1 major depression episode
4
depression episode is – weeks or longer
2
OCD can be – for a long time, and people usually don’t have insight
hidden
majority of the people are – to psychological disorders
resilient
T/F: one risk factor will lead to a disorder
false
panic disorder is more – than GAD but more intense
discrete or episodic
unwanted, intrusive, repetitive thoughts (judged to be unacceptable)
obsessions
repetitive behaviors that is designed to neutralize the threat of obsession
compulsions
T/F: compulsions can be internal
true
Is disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
post traumatic stress disorder
PTSD has a – risk for women
higher (more prone to seek help)
T/F: PTSD can occur by witnessing or hearing the event
true
research helps explain how panic-prone people associate anxiety with certain cues.
classical conditioning
research demonstrates how a fearful event can later become a fear of similar events.
stimulus generalization
can help maintain a developed and generalized phobia.
reinforcement (operant conditioning)
symptoms of PTSD, – things associated with the drama
avoiding
T/F: the majority of people with PTSD are military veterans
false
primary factor in maintaining anxiety
negative reinforcement
Role of cognition in PTSD: – others can contribute to development of some fears
observing
Role of cognition in PTSD: interpretations and expectations shape –
reactions
symptoms of anxiety
hyperviligance
Role of biology in PTSD: Genetic– to anxiety, OCD, and
PTSD
predisposition
Role of biology in PTSD: Trauma linked to new fear pathways, hyperactive danger detection, impulse control and habitual behavior areas of –
brain
Role of biology in PTSD: Biological preparedness to fear threats-easily conditioned and difficult to extinguish
natural selection
trauma – the brain
changes
GAD
3.1%
social anxiety disorder
6.8%
phobia of specific object or situation
8.7%
depressive disorders or bipolar disorder
9.5%
OCD
1%
schizophrenia
1.1%
PTSD
3.5%
ADHD
4.1%
DSM-5 Criticism: Antisocial personality disorder and generalized anxiety disorder did poorly on –
field trials
DSM-5 contributes to – of everyday life
pathologizing
DSM-5 labels are society’s –
value judgments
