Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

– an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

A

intuition

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2
Q

humans cannot rely soloed on intuition and –

A

common sense

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3
Q

Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we could have predicted it

A

hindsight bias (I-knew-it-all-along)

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4
Q

Why, after friends start dating, do we often fell that we knew they were meant to be together?

A

hindsight bias (I-knew-it-all-along)

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5
Q

People tend to think they know more than they do.

A

overconfidence

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6
Q

T/F: overconfidence occurs in academic and social behavior

A

true

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7
Q

people perceive – in random events to make sense of their world

A

patterns/order

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8
Q

three phenomena that illustrate how intuition is overused and errors are made

A

hindsight bias, overconfidence, and tendency to perceive patterns in random events

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9
Q

Includes a passion to explore and understand the

world without misleading or being misled

A

curiosity

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10
Q

refers to a more careful style of forming and evaluating knowledge than simply using intuition.

A

critical thinking

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11
Q

scientific attitude should include these three things

A

curiosity, skepticism, and humility

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12
Q

Supports questions about behavior and mental processes: What do you mean? How do you know?

A

skepticism

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13
Q

Involves awareness that mistakes are possible and

willingness to be surprised

A

humility

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14
Q

a self-correcting process for asking questions and observing nature’s answers

A

scientific method

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15
Q

Explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes
observations and predicts behaviors or events

A

theory

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16
Q

testable prediction, often implied by a theory

A

hypothesis

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17
Q

Carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations)
used in a research study

A

operational definition

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18
Q

– the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

A

Repeating

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19
Q

good theory

A

effectively organizes, –> clear predictions, stimulates research, may be replicated

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20
Q

is a systematic, objective observation of people

A

descriptive research

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21
Q

3 forms of descriptive research

A

case studies, naturalistic observations, and surveys/interviews

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22
Q

– one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

case study

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23
Q

– observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

A

naturalistic observation

24
Q

• Examines many cases in less depth
• Wording effect
• Random
sampling

A

surveys and interviews

25
case studies provides fruitful ideas but cannot be used to --
generalize
26
naturalistic observations describes but does not -- behavior
explain
27
in naturalistic observations, you cannot -- for factors outside the lab
control
28
a measure of how closely two factors vary together, or how well you can predict a change in one from observing a change in the other
correlation
29
Indicates a direct relationship, meaning that two things | increase together or decrease together
positive correlation (0
30
Indicates an inverse relationship: As one thing increases, | the other decreases.
negative correlation (-1
31
Provides a statistical measure of how closely two things vary together and how well one predicts the other
correlation coefficient
32
No matter how strong the relationship, correlation does not prove --.
causation
33
The more children used various media, the less happy they were with their lives.
negative correlation
34
The longer children breast-fed, the greater their later academic development
positive correlation
35
Neither those in the study nor those collecting the | data know which group is receiving the treatment.
double-blind procedure
36
effect involves results caused by expectations alone
placebo effect
37
factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
independent variable
38
factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect
confounding variable
39
factor tha is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated
dependent variable
40
``` Rental housing experiment: test the effect of perceived ethnicity on the availability of a rental house - identically worded emails % of positive replies Patrick McDougall 89% Said Al-Rahman 66% Tyrell Jackson 56% ```
independent variable = name | dependent variable = % of positive replies
41
-- estimates often misread reality and misinform
Casual
42
Big, round, undocumented numbers warrant --
caution
43
Presentation of statistical information needs more --
transparency
44
Measures of central tendency include a -- score that represents a set of scores.
single
45
Most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
mode
46
Arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores; can be distorted by few atypical scores
mean
47
Middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
median
48
Measures of -- reveal similarity or diversity in scores.
variation
49
Difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
range
50
Computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
standard deviation
51
Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes
normal curve/distribution
52
-- percent fall within one STD
68%
53
When is an observed difference reliable?
representative samples, less-variable observations, more cases
54
When sample averages are -- and difference between them is relatively --, the difference has statistical significance.
reliable, large
55
In psychological research, proof beyond a reasonable doubt means that the odds of its occurrence by chance are -- than 5 percent
less