Module 21 Flashcards
Learning is the process of acquiring through –, new information,
or behaviors
experience
two types of learning through association
classical conditioning and respondent behavior
certain events occur together
classical conditioning
Stimuli that are not control are associated and response is automatic
respondent behavior
learning through consequences
operant conditioning
Association between a response and consequences is learned
operant conditioning
learning through acquisition of mental information that guides behavior
cognitive learning
influenced by Pavlov; Theoretical goal of science of psychology is prediction and control of behavior
Watson
Psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
behaviorism
Psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists agree with
(1) but not (2)
demonstrated associative learning via salivary conditioning
Pavlov
Type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
classical conditioning
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
neutral stimulus (NS)
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)
unconditioned response (UR)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers an unconditioned response (UR)
unconditioned stimulus (US)
Initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
acquisition
Diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS)
extinction
Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
Tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
generalization
Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the US) and other irrelevant stimuli
discrimination
Pavlov demonstrated – by attaching miniature vibrators to various parts of a dog’s body.
generalization
After – salivation to stimulation of the thigh, he stimulated other areas.
conditioning
The closer a stimulated spot was to the dog’s thigh, the – the conditioned response.
stronger
Consensus among psychologists that – is basic learning form
classical conditioning
Pavlov demonstrated how a learning process can be studied –
objectively
Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning that applies to –
all species
Pavlov’s principles are used to influence – and well-being.
human health
Addicts counseled to avoid – that may trigger cravings
stimuli
– particular taste with drug that influences immune responses may eventually lead to response from taste alone.
Pairing
Pavlov’s work provided a basis for Watson’s ideas that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly –.
conditioned responses
Watson applied classical conditioning principles in his studies of – to demonstrate how specific fears might be conditioned
“Little Albert”
