Module 21

Question 1

Learning is the process of acquiring through –, new information,
or behaviors

Answer 1

experience

Question 2

two types of learning through association

Answer 2

classical conditioning and respondent behavior

Question 3

certain events occur together

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

Stimuli that are not control are associated and response is automatic

Answer 4

respondent behavior

Question 5

learning through consequences

Answer 5

operant conditioning

Question 6

Association between a response and consequences is learned

Answer 6

operant conditioning

Question 7

learning through acquisition of mental information that guides behavior

Answer 7

cognitive learning

Question 8

influenced by Pavlov; Theoretical goal of science of psychology is prediction and control of behavior

Answer 8

Watson

Question 9

Psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Answer 9

behaviorism

Question 10

Psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists agree with

Answer 10

(1) but not (2)

Question 11

demonstrated associative learning via salivary conditioning

Answer 11

Pavlov

Question 12

Type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 12

classical conditioning

Question 13

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Answer 13

neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 14

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)

Answer 14

unconditioned response (UR)

Question 15

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers an unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 15

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 16

Initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

Answer 16

acquisition

Question 17

Diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 17

extinction

Question 18

Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 18

spontaneous recovery

Question 19

Tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Answer 19

generalization

Question 20

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (which predicts the US) and other irrelevant stimuli

Answer 20

discrimination

Question 21

Pavlov demonstrated – by attaching miniature vibrators to various parts of a dog’s body.

Answer 21

generalization

Question 22

After – salivation to stimulation of the thigh, he stimulated other areas.

Answer 22

conditioning

Question 23

The closer a stimulated spot was to the dog’s thigh, the – the conditioned response.

Answer 23

stronger

Question 24

Consensus among psychologists that – is basic learning form

Answer 24

classical conditioning

Question 25

Pavlov demonstrated how a learning process can be studied –

Answer 25

objectively

Question 26

Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning that applies to –

Answer 26

all species

Question 27

Pavlov’s principles are used to influence – and well-being.

Answer 27

human health

Question 28

Addicts counseled to avoid – that may trigger cravings

Answer 28

stimuli

Question 29

– particular taste with drug that influences immune responses may eventually lead to response from taste alone.

Answer 29

Pairing

Question 30

Pavlov’s work provided a basis for Watson’s ideas that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly –.

Answer 30

conditioned responses

Question 31

Watson applied classical conditioning principles in his studies of – to demonstrate how specific fears might be conditioned

Answer 31

“Little Albert”