Extra Flashcards
person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
temperament
focuses on our ability to understand our own and others’ mental states (those with ASD struggle with this ability)
Theory of the Mind
normal process by which we form emotional ties with important others.
attachment
occurs only in certain animals that have a critical period very early in their development during which they must form their attachments and they do so in an inflexible manner
imprinting
coercive parenting
authoritarian
unrestraining parenting
permissive
confrontive parenting
authoritative
retina contains 3 different – which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
color receptors
sodium essential to physiological process
salty
proteins
umami
energy source
sweet
potential toxic acid
sour
potential poison
bitter
brain interpreted loudness from – of activated hair cells
number
place theory: we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity of different places along –
cochlea’s basilar membrane
sound strikes one ear sooner and more intensely than other which helps with deterring the – of sound
location
system for sensing position and movement of individual body parts
kinesthesia
sense of body movement and position (balance)
vestibular sense
associates 2 stimulus and thus anticipates events
classical conditioning
associates response (our behavior) and its consequence
operant conditioning
neutral stimulus are events the dog could see and hear but not – with food
associate
fMRI
spatially precise
MRI
spatially precise
PET
spatially precise
EEG
temporally precise
somatosensory cortex is in the – lobe
parietal
primary motor cortex is in the – lobe
frontal
3 main levels of analysis
biology, psychology, social-cultural
pyschodynamic emphasized by –
Freud
T/F: genes are static
false, genes can change due to stress
What are three ways we forget?
encoding failure, storage decay, and retrieval failure
unattended info never entered our memory system
encoding failure
info fades from our memory
storage decay
we cannot access stored info accurately, sometimes due to interference or motivated forgetting
retrieval failure
When we are tested immediately after viewing a list of words, we tend to recall the first and last items best, which is known as the –
serial position
activation (often without our awareness) of associations
priming
example of – is like seeing a gun might temporaily predispose someone to interpret an ambiguous face as threatening or to recall a boss as nasty
priming
Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?
amygdala
The neural basis for learning and memory, found at the synapses in the brain’s memory-circuit connections, results from brief, rapid stimulation is called
long-term potentiation
implicit memories (non declarative) without conscious recall is –
automatic
explicit declarative memories with conscious recall is –
effortful
automatic memory processing occurs in
cerebellum and basal ganglia
effortful memory processing occurs in
hippocampus and frontal lobes
space, time, frequency (where you ate dinner yesterday) is a – memory process
automatic
T/F: motor and cognitive skills like riding a bike is an automatic memory processing
true
classical conditioning such as reaction in dentist’s office is a – memory process
automatic
T/F: facts and general knowledge is a form of effortful memory processing
true
personally experienced events (family holidays) is an – memory process
effortful
T/F: Remembering how to tie shoes but not recall a conversation after a brain damage –> our implicit memories are processed by more ancient brain areas which apparently escape damage during brain accident.
true
Making material personally meaningful involves processing at a deep level, because you are processing – based on the meaning of words
semantically
deep processing leads to – retention
greater
At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin’s three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?
sensory memory
Multiple choice questions test our –
recognition
Fill-in-the-blanks test our –
recall
It would be better to test your memory with – rather than recognition
recall
What two new concepts update the classic Atkinson-Shiffren’s three stage info processing model: 1. We form some memories through – without our awareness. The Atkinson-Shiffren model only focused on conscious memories
automatic processing
What two new concepts update the classic Atkinson-Shiffren’s three stage info processing model: 2. The newer concept of a – emphasizes the active processing that we now know takes place in Atkinson-Shiffren’s short-term memory stage
working memory
What are the two basic functions of working memory?
active processing of incoming visual-spatial and auditory info; focusing our spotlight of attention
Knowing the way from your bed to the bathroom in the dark.
Latent learning
Your little brother getting in a fight after watching a violent action movie.
Observational learning
Salivating when you smell brownies in an oven.
Classical conditioning
Disliking the taste of chili after becoming violently sick a few hours after eating chili
Biological predisposition
Your dog racing to greet you on your arrival home
Operant conditioning
Jason’s parents and older friends all smoke, but they advise him not to. Juan’s parents and friends don’t smoke but they say nothing to deter him from doing so. Who is more likely to smoke?
Jason because observational learning studies suggest that children tend to do as others do and say what they say
give a desired stimulus
positive reinforcement
take away a desired stimulus
negative punishment
give an undesired stimulus
positive punishment
take away an undesired stimulus
negative reinforcement
Telemarketers are reinforced by which schedule?
variable ratio (varying number of calls)
People checking the oven to see if the cookies are done are on which schedule?
fixed interval
Airline frequent-flyer programs that offer a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel are using which reinforcement schedule?
fixed ratio
Baby stops crying once parents grant her wish. baby is showing – reinforcement
negative
Parents – reinforce a baby’s crying by letting her sleep with them
positively
In Watson and Rayner’s experiments “Little Albert” learned to fear a white rat after repeatedly experiencing a loud noise as the rat was presented. What was the unconditioned stimulus?
loud noise
In Watson and Rayner’s experiments “Little Albert” learned to fear a white rat after repeatedly experiencing a loud noise as the rat was presented. What was the unconditioned response?
fear response to the noise
In Watson and Rayner’s experiments “Little Albert” learned to fear a white rat after repeatedly experiencing a loud noise as the rat was presented. What was the neutral stimulus?
rat before it was paired with the noise
In Watson and Rayner’s experiments “Little Albert” learned to fear a white rat after repeatedly experiencing a loud noise as the rat was presented. What was the conditioned stimulus?
rate after pairing
In Watson and Rayner’s experiments “Little Albert” learned to fear a white rat after repeatedly experiencing a loud noise as the rat was presented. What was the conditioned response?
fear of rat
If viewing an attractive nude (a US) elicits sexual arousal (UR), then pairing the US with a new stimulus (violence) could turn the violence into a – that also becomes sexually arousing, a conditioned response
conditioned stimulus
US –> UR
US + NS –> UR
neutral stimulus becomes –
conditioned stimulus
If the aroma of baking a cake sets your mouth watering, what is the US? CS? CR?
US = cake CS = associated aroma CR = mouth watering to aroma
An experimenter sounds a tone just before delivering an air puff to your blinking eye. After several repetitions, you blink to tone alone. What is NS? US? UR? CS? CR
NS = tone (before conditioning) US = air puff UR = blink to air puff CS = tone (after conditioning) CS = blink to tone
Habits form when we repeat behaviors in a given context and as a result learn – often without our awareness
associations
source of vision
light waves striking the eye
receptors for vision
rods and cones in retina
source of hearing
sound waves striking the outer ear
sound receptors
cochlear hair cells in inner ear
source of touch
pressure, warmth, cold on skin
touch receptors
skin receptors detect pressure, warmth, cold, and pain
source of taste
chemical molecules in the mouth
taste receptors
basic tongue receptors
source of smell
chemical molecules breathed in through the nose
smell receptors
millions of receptors at top of nasal cavity
source of body position (kinesthesia)
any change in position of a body part, interacting with vision
body position (kinesthesia) receptors
kinesthetic sensors in joints, tendons, and muscles
source of body movement (vestibular sense)
movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head/body movement
body movement (vestibular sense) receptors
hairlike receptors in the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs
We have – basic touch sense
four
We have – basic taste sensations
five
T/F: we have no basic smell receptors
true
Different combinations of odor receptors send messages to the – enabling us to recognize some 10,000 different smells
brain
sensory receptors that enable the perception of pain in response to potentially harmful stimuli
nociceptors
gate-control theory states that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks – or allows them to pass on to the brain
pain signals
pate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up the – and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
small nerve fibers
T/F: If a hair cell loses sensitivity to soft sounds, it may still respond to loud sounds
true
harder-tohear sounds are amplified more than loud sounds
compressed sound
The longer the sound waves are, the – their frequency is and the – their pitch
lower; lower
The outer ear collects sounds waves, which are translated into – by the middle ear and turned into fluid waves in the inner ear
mechanical waves
The – translates the energy into electrical waves and sends them to the brain (thalamus then auditory cortex), which perceives and interprets the sound
auditory nerve
The outer ear funnels sound waves to the –
ear drum
The bones of the middle ear amplify and relay the eardrum’s vibrations through the oval window and into the fluid-filled –
cochlea
opponent-process cells in the – for red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black
retina
The Young-Helmoltz and opponent-process theories are – and outline the two stages of color vision
complementary
generativity vs stagnation
middle adulthood
integrity vs despair
late adulthood
initiative vs guilt
preschool
intimacy vs isolation
young adulthood
identity vs role confusion
adolescence
competence vs inferiority
elementary school
trust vs mistrust
infancy
autonomy vs shame and doubt
toddlerhood
object permanence
sensorimotor
pretend play
preoperational
conservation
concrete operational
abstract logic
formal operational
ability to reverse math operations
concrete operational
having difficulty taking another’s point of view (as when blocking someone’s view of the TV)
preoperational
Developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience are supporting –
continuity
those who emphasize biological maturation are supporting –
stages
– theory is supported by Piaget (cognitive development), Kolhberg (moral development), and Erikson (psychosocial development) but challenged by findings that change is more gradual and less culturally universal than these theorists suggested
stage
some traits such as temperamne do exhibit remarkable – across many years but we do change in other ways such as in our social attitudes
stability
an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain’s surface (these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp)
electroencephalogram (EEG)
visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
PET scan
technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computerized images of soft tissue; shows brain anatomy
MRI scan
– nervous system controls the more autonomous (self-regulating) internal functions
autonomic
ANS’s – arouses and expends energy
sympathetic
ANS’s – calms and conserves energy, allowing routine maintenance
parasympathetic
– carry info from sensory receptors to brain
sensory afferent neurons
– carry info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
motor efferent neurons
more verbal hemisphere
left
hemisphere that excels in visual perception and recognition of emotion
right
– % are left handed
10
dual processing: mind processes info on two separate tracks one for – and one for –
explicit (conscious sequential) and implicit (unconscious parallel)
T/F: consciousness sometimes arrives late to the decision-making party
true
T/F: unconscious parallel processing is faster than sequential conscious processing
true
Erikson’s idea that – is formed in infancy by our experiences with responsive caregivers
basic trust
The brain’s – mature during adolescence
frontal lobe
the tendency to choose similar others
selection effect
age of middle adulthood
40-65
T/F: as years pass, recall begins to decline especially for meaningless info but recognition memory remains strong
true
T/F: surveys show that life satisfaction is unrelated to age
true
– is the difference we can discern between two stimuli 50% of the time
difference threshold = just noticeable threshold
minimum stimulation necessary of us to be consciously aware of it 50% of the time
absolute threshold
to recognize an object we must perceive it or see it as a – distinct from its surroundings (the ground)
figure
people given glasses that shift the world slightly to the left or right experience
perceptual adaptation
sound waves differ in amplitude
loudness
sound waves differ in frequency
pitch
explains how we hear high-pitched sound
place theory
explains how we hear low-pitched sound
frequency theory
Through – we sense the position and movement of our body parts
kinesthesia
we monitor our head’s (and thus our body’s) position and movement and maintain our balance
vestibular sense
we associate two events we do not control and respond automatically
respondent behavior
we learn that certain events occur together
associate learning
we learn to associate two or more stimuli
classical conditioning
Pavlov’s work on classical conditioning lead the foundation for – the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
behaviorism
A CS is a previously NS that after association with a – comes to trigger a CR
unconditioned stimulus
associating NS with US so that the NS begins triggering a CR
acquisition
– are satisfying because we have learned to associate them with more basic rewards
conditioned or secondary reinforcers
3 processing stages in Atkinson-Shiffren’s model
sensory, short-term, long-term
short-term capacity is about – but this info disappears from memory quickly without rehearsal
7 +/- 2
working memory capacity varies with
age, intelligence, etc
effective effortful processing include
chunking, mneomincs, hierarchies, and distributed practice
in – we encode words based on their structure or appearance
shallow processing
we easily remember material that is personally meaningful
self-reference effect
very stressful events can trigger – memories
flashbulb
appears to be the neural basis of learning
long-term potentiation
In LTP, neurons become more efficient at releasing and sensing the presence of – and more connections develop between neurons
neurotransmitters
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
specificity principle
returning to the same physical context or emotional state in which we formed a memory can help us retrieve it
mood congruency
inability to form new memories
anterograde amnesia
inability to retrieve old memories
retrograde amnesia
people have formed false memories, incorporating misleading details, after receiving wrong info after an event or by repeatedly imagining and rehearsing something that never happened
misinformation effect
interferes with recall of new info
proactive
new learning disrupts old info
retroactive
