Extra Flashcards
person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
temperament
focuses on our ability to understand our own and others’ mental states (those with ASD struggle with this ability)
Theory of the Mind
normal process by which we form emotional ties with important others.
attachment
occurs only in certain animals that have a critical period very early in their development during which they must form their attachments and they do so in an inflexible manner
imprinting
coercive parenting
authoritarian
unrestraining parenting
permissive
confrontive parenting
authoritative
retina contains 3 different – which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
color receptors
sodium essential to physiological process
salty
proteins
umami
energy source
sweet
potential toxic acid
sour
potential poison
bitter
brain interpreted loudness from – of activated hair cells
number
place theory: we hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity of different places along –
cochlea’s basilar membrane
sound strikes one ear sooner and more intensely than other which helps with deterring the – of sound
location
system for sensing position and movement of individual body parts
kinesthesia
sense of body movement and position (balance)
vestibular sense
associates 2 stimulus and thus anticipates events
classical conditioning
associates response (our behavior) and its consequence
operant conditioning
neutral stimulus are events the dog could see and hear but not – with food
associate
fMRI
spatially precise
MRI
spatially precise
PET
spatially precise
EEG
temporally precise
somatosensory cortex is in the – lobe
parietal
primary motor cortex is in the – lobe
frontal
3 main levels of analysis
biology, psychology, social-cultural
pyschodynamic emphasized by –
Freud
T/F: genes are static
false, genes can change due to stress
What are three ways we forget?
encoding failure, storage decay, and retrieval failure
unattended info never entered our memory system
encoding failure
info fades from our memory
storage decay
we cannot access stored info accurately, sometimes due to interference or motivated forgetting
retrieval failure
When we are tested immediately after viewing a list of words, we tend to recall the first and last items best, which is known as the –
serial position
activation (often without our awareness) of associations
priming
example of – is like seeing a gun might temporaily predispose someone to interpret an ambiguous face as threatening or to recall a boss as nasty
priming
Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?
amygdala
The neural basis for learning and memory, found at the synapses in the brain’s memory-circuit connections, results from brief, rapid stimulation is called
long-term potentiation
implicit memories (non declarative) without conscious recall is –
automatic
explicit declarative memories with conscious recall is –
effortful
automatic memory processing occurs in
cerebellum and basal ganglia
effortful memory processing occurs in
hippocampus and frontal lobes
space, time, frequency (where you ate dinner yesterday) is a – memory process
automatic
T/F: motor and cognitive skills like riding a bike is an automatic memory processing
true
classical conditioning such as reaction in dentist’s office is a – memory process
automatic
T/F: facts and general knowledge is a form of effortful memory processing
true
personally experienced events (family holidays) is an – memory process
effortful
T/F: Remembering how to tie shoes but not recall a conversation after a brain damage –> our implicit memories are processed by more ancient brain areas which apparently escape damage during brain accident.
true
Making material personally meaningful involves processing at a deep level, because you are processing – based on the meaning of words
semantically
deep processing leads to – retention
greater
At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin’s three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?
sensory memory
Multiple choice questions test our –
recognition
Fill-in-the-blanks test our –
recall
It would be better to test your memory with – rather than recognition
recall
What two new concepts update the classic Atkinson-Shiffren’s three stage info processing model: 1. We form some memories through – without our awareness. The Atkinson-Shiffren model only focused on conscious memories
automatic processing
What two new concepts update the classic Atkinson-Shiffren’s three stage info processing model: 2. The newer concept of a – emphasizes the active processing that we now know takes place in Atkinson-Shiffren’s short-term memory stage
working memory
What are the two basic functions of working memory?
active processing of incoming visual-spatial and auditory info; focusing our spotlight of attention
Knowing the way from your bed to the bathroom in the dark.
Latent learning
Your little brother getting in a fight after watching a violent action movie.
Observational learning
Salivating when you smell brownies in an oven.
Classical conditioning
Disliking the taste of chili after becoming violently sick a few hours after eating chili
Biological predisposition
Your dog racing to greet you on your arrival home
Operant conditioning
Jason’s parents and older friends all smoke, but they advise him not to. Juan’s parents and friends don’t smoke but they say nothing to deter him from doing so. Who is more likely to smoke?
Jason because observational learning studies suggest that children tend to do as others do and say what they say
give a desired stimulus
positive reinforcement
take away a desired stimulus
negative punishment
give an undesired stimulus
positive punishment
take away an undesired stimulus
negative reinforcement
Telemarketers are reinforced by which schedule?
variable ratio (varying number of calls)
People checking the oven to see if the cookies are done are on which schedule?
fixed interval
Airline frequent-flyer programs that offer a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel are using which reinforcement schedule?
fixed ratio
Baby stops crying once parents grant her wish. baby is showing – reinforcement
negative
Parents – reinforce a baby’s crying by letting her sleep with them
positively