Modules 37-39 Flashcards
are adaptive responses that support survival.
Emotions
Emotional components
arousal, behavior, cognition
– Theory: Arousal comes before emotion
James-Lange
James-Lange Theory Experience of emotion involves – of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
awareness
– Theory: Arousal and emotion happen at the same time
Cannon-Bard
(Cannon and Bard): Emotion - arousing stimulus – triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion
simultaneously
(Cannon and Bard) Human body responses run – to the cognitive responses rather than causing them
parallel
Schachter and Singer Two-Factor Theory: – + – = Emotion
arousal + label
(Schachter and Singer) Emotions have two ingredients: Physical arousal and –.
cognitive appraisal
(Schachter and Singer) Arousal fuels emotion; cognition – it.
channels
(Schachter and Singer) Emotional experience requires a – of arousal.
conscious interpretation
(Schachter and Singer) Spillover arousal from one event to the next—influencing a response
spillover effect (riot after a sports event)
- Sometimes emotional response takes neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex and goes directly to amygdala.
- Some emotional responses involve no deliberate thinking.
Zajonc
- Brain processes much information without conscious
awareness, but mental functioning still takes place. - Emotions arise when an event is appraised as harmless or dangerous.
Lazarus
The component of emotion is regulated by the autonomic nervous system
arousal
In a crisis, the – automatically mobilizes the body for action.
fight-or-flight response
– peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks.
Performance
Like a crisis control center, the – nervous system arouses the body in a crisis and calms it when danger passes.
autonomic
Different emotions have – indicators.
subtle
Brain scans and EEGs reveal different brain – for different emotions.
circuits
Depression and general negativity: – frontal lobe activity
Right
Happiness, enthusiastic, and energized: – frontal lobe activity
Left
Nonthreatening cues are – easily detected than deceiving expressions
more
Firm handshake: –, expressive personality
Outgoing
gaze (prolonged eye contact) –
intimacy
Averted glance –
Submission
Stare –
Dominance
people can often detect – cues and threats, and signs of status
nonverbal
Gestures, facial expressions, and voice tones are – in written communication
absent
Women tend to read emotional cues more easily and to be more –
empathic
women express more – with their faces
emotion
People attribute female emotionality to –
disposition
male emotionality to –
circumstance
Gesture meanings vary among cultures; but – of emotion are generally the same.
outward signs
Musical expression of emotion – culture.
crosses
T/F: Shared emotional categories do not reflect
shared cultural experiences.
true
Facial muscles speak a – for some basic emotions;
universal language
interpreting faces in context is –.
adaptive
- Facial expressions can trigger emotional feelings and signal our body to respond accordingly.
- People also mimic others’ expressions, which help them empathize.
facial feedback effect
Tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions
behavior feedback effect
unpleasant/negative + low arousal
sluggish, sad
unpleasant/negative + high arousal
fearful, angry
pleasant/positive + low arousal
relaxed
pleasant/positive + high arousal
elated, enthusiastic
isolated 10 basic emotions that include physiology and expressive behavior.
Izard
With threat or challenge, fear triggers flight but – triggers fight—each at times an adaptive behavior.
anger
Smaller frustrations and blameless annoyances can also – anger.
trigger
– is one of the negative emotions linked to heart disease.
chronic hostility
Emotional – may be temporarily calming, but in the long run it does not reduce anger.
catharsis
T/F: Expressing anger can make us angrier.
true
Controlled – of feelings may resolve conflicts, and forgiveness may rid us of angry feelings.
assertions
T/F: Anger communicates strength and competence, motivates action, and expresses grief when wisely used.
true
People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
- Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
- Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people’s quality of life
subjective well-being
Scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
positive psychology
three pillars of positive psychology
positive well-being
positive character
communities/culture
Emotional ups and downs tend to – out; moods typically rebound
balance
happiness is relative to our own experiences
adaptation-level phenomenon
happiness is relative to others’ success
relative deprivation principle
Describes tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Satisfaction comes from income rank, rather than income
Comparison phenomenon
Involves perception that one is worse off relative
to comparison group
relative deprivation
T/F: Wealth does correlate with well-being in some ways.
true
Increasing wealth matters less once – are met.
basic needs
T/F: Economic growth in affluent countries provides no apparent morale or social well-being boost.
true
Happiness levels are product of – interaction
nature- nurture
Twin studies: About – percent of happiness rating differences heritable
50
T/F: Individual happiness level may influence national well-being
true
10 basic emotions
joy, guilt, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, feat, shame, and –
interest-excitement
sympathetic division
arousing
parasympathetic divisions.
calming
Sympathetic division: pupils
dilate
Sympathetic division: salivation
decreases
Sympathetic division: skin
perspires
Sympathetic division: respiration
increases
Sympathetic division: heart
accelerates
Sympathetic division: digestion
inhibits
Sympathetic division: adrenal glands
secrete stress hormones
Sympathetic division: immune system – functioning
reduced
10 basic emotions:
joy, interest-excitement, sadness, shame, surprise, anger, contempt, disgust, fear, guilt
T/F: Even significant good events, such as sudden wealth, seldom increase happiness for long.
true
Anger is most often evoked by – that we interpret as willful, unjustified, and avoidable
misdeeds
T/F: even significant good events, such as sudden wealth seldom increases happiness for long
true
Happiness: Personal History: emotions balance around level defined by –
experience
Happiness: Culture: – in group value of traits
variation
