Modules 37-39 Flashcards by she ign

are adaptive responses that support survival.

Emotions

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Emotional components

arousal, behavior, cognition

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– Theory: Arousal comes before emotion

James-Lange

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James-Lange Theory Experience of emotion involves – of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

awareness

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– Theory: Arousal and emotion happen at the same time

Cannon-Bard

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(Cannon and Bard): Emotion - arousing stimulus – triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

simultaneously

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(Cannon and Bard) Human body responses run – to the cognitive responses rather than causing them

parallel

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Schachter and Singer Two-Factor Theory: – + – = Emotion

arousal + label

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(Schachter and Singer) Emotions have two ingredients: Physical arousal and –.

cognitive appraisal

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(Schachter and Singer) Arousal fuels emotion; cognition – it.

channels

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(Schachter and Singer) Emotional experience requires a – of arousal.

conscious interpretation

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(Schachter and Singer) Spillover arousal from one event to the next—influencing a response

spillover effect (riot after a sports event)

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Sometimes emotional response takes neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex and goes directly to amygdala.
Some emotional responses involve no deliberate thinking.

Zajonc

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Brain processes much information without conscious
awareness, but mental functioning still takes place.
Emotions arise when an event is appraised as harmless or dangerous.

Lazarus

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The component of emotion is regulated by the autonomic nervous system

arousal

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In a crisis, the – automatically mobilizes the body for action.

fight-or-flight response

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– peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks.

Performance

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Like a crisis control center, the – nervous system arouses the body in a crisis and calms it when danger passes.

autonomic

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Different emotions have – indicators.

subtle

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Brain scans and EEGs reveal different brain – for different emotions.

circuits

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Depression and general negativity: – frontal lobe activity

Right

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Happiness, enthusiastic, and energized: – frontal lobe activity

Left

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Nonthreatening cues are – easily detected than deceiving expressions

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Firm handshake: –, expressive personality

Outgoing

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gaze (prolonged eye contact) --

intimacy

Averted glance --

Submission

Stare --

Dominance

people can often detect -- cues and threats, and signs of status

nonverbal

Gestures, facial expressions, and voice tones are -- in written communication

absent

Women tend to read emotional cues more easily and to be more --

empathic

women express more -- with their faces

emotion

People attribute female emotionality to --

disposition

male emotionality to --

circumstance

Gesture meanings vary among cultures; but -- of emotion are generally the same.

outward signs

Musical expression of emotion -- culture.

crosses

T/F: Shared emotional categories do not reflect | shared cultural experiences.

true

Facial muscles speak a -- for some basic emotions;

universal language

interpreting faces in context is --.

adaptive

- Facial expressions can trigger emotional feelings and signal our body to respond accordingly. - People also mimic others’ expressions, which help them empathize.

facial feedback effect

Tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions

behavior feedback effect

unpleasant/negative + low arousal

sluggish, sad

unpleasant/negative + high arousal

fearful, angry

pleasant/positive + low arousal

relaxed

pleasant/positive + high arousal

elated, enthusiastic

isolated 10 basic emotions that include physiology and expressive behavior.

Izard

With threat or challenge, fear triggers flight but -- triggers fight—each at times an adaptive behavior.

anger

Smaller frustrations and blameless annoyances can also -- anger.

trigger

-- is one of the negative emotions linked to heart disease.

chronic hostility

Emotional -- may be temporarily calming, but in the long run it does not reduce anger.

catharsis

T/F: Expressing anger can make us angrier.

true

Controlled -- of feelings may resolve conflicts, and forgiveness may rid us of angry feelings.

assertions

T/F: Anger communicates strength and competence, motivates action, and expresses grief when wisely used.

true

People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

- Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life | - Used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people’s quality of life

subjective well-being

Scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

positive psychology

three pillars of positive psychology

positive well-being positive character communities/culture

Emotional ups and downs tend to -- out; moods typically rebound

balance

happiness is relative to our own experiences

adaptation-level phenomenon

happiness is relative to others' success

relative deprivation principle

Describes tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Adaptation-level phenomenon

Satisfaction comes from income rank, rather than income

Comparison phenomenon

Involves perception that one is worse off relative | to comparison group

relative deprivation

T/F: Wealth does correlate with well-being in some ways.

true

Increasing wealth matters less once -- are met.

basic needs

T/F: Economic growth in affluent countries provides no apparent morale or social well-being boost.

true

Happiness levels are product of -- interaction

nature- nurture

Twin studies: About -- percent of happiness rating differences heritable

T/F: Individual happiness level may influence national well-being

true

10 basic emotions | joy, guilt, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, feat, shame, and --

interest-excitement

sympathetic division

arousing

parasympathetic divisions.

calming

Sympathetic division: pupils

dilate

Sympathetic division: salivation

decreases

Sympathetic division: skin

perspires

Sympathetic division: respiration

increases

Sympathetic division: heart

accelerates

Sympathetic division: digestion

inhibits

Sympathetic division: adrenal glands

secrete stress hormones

Sympathetic division: immune system -- functioning

reduced

10 basic emotions:

joy, interest-excitement, sadness, shame, surprise, anger, contempt, disgust, fear, guilt

T/F: Even significant good events, such as sudden wealth, seldom increase happiness for long.

true

Anger is most often evoked by -- that we interpret as willful, unjustified, and avoidable

misdeeds

T/F: even significant good events, such as sudden wealth seldom increases happiness for long

true

Happiness: Personal History: emotions balance around level defined by --

experience

Happiness: Culture: -- in group value of traits

variation