Module 24 Flashcards
Persistence of learning over time through the
encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
memory
Ebbinghaus found that the more times he practiced a list of nonsense syllables on day 1, the – he required to relearn it on day 2.
less time
– of relearning is one measure of memory retention.
Speed
Psychologists use – to think and communicate about memory.
memory models
- Compares human memory to computer operations
- Involves three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval
information-processing models
- Focuses on multitrack, parallel processing
- Views memories as products of interconnected neural networks
connectionism information-processing model
Atkinson-Shiffren model
1. We first record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting –
sensory memory.
Atkinson-Shiffren model
2. we process information into –, where we encode it through rehearsal.
short-term memory
Atkinson-Shiffren model
3. Finally, information moves into – for later retrieval.
long-term memory
some information slips into long-term memory via a “back door,” without our consciously attending to it
automatic processing
Focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory (occurs during second stage)
working memory
working memory is handled by a –
central executive
of conscious facts and experiences encoded through conscious, effortful processing
explicit/declarative memories
that form through automatic processes and bypass conscious encoding track
implicit/nondeclarative memories
Implicit memories include automatic skills and – associations.
classically
conditioned
information is – processed about space, time, and frequency
automatically
With experience and practice, – become automatic
explicit memories
first stage in forming explicit memories
sensory memory
Immediate,verybrief
recording of sensory information in the memory system
sensory memory
picture-image memory
iconic
sound memory
echoic
Activated memory that holds a few items briefly (such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing) before the information is stored or forgotten
short-term memory
Newer understanding of short-term memory that stresses conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
working memory
For working memory, Capacity varies by – at time of memory tasks
age and distractions
Organization of items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
chunking
Memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
(Peg-word system)
mnemonics
Organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
hierarchies
Encoding is more effective when it is
spread over time.
spacing effect
– practice: Produces better long-term recall
Distributed
– practice: Produces speedy short-term learning and feelings of confidence
Massive
– encodes on a very basic level (word’s letters) or a more intermediate level (word’s sound).
Shallow processing
– encodes semantically based on word meaning
Deep processing
