Module 24

Question 1

Persistence of learning over time through the

encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

Ebbinghaus found that the more times he practiced a list of nonsense syllables on day 1, the – he required to relearn it on day 2.

Answer 2

less time

Question 3

– of relearning is one measure of memory retention.

Answer 3

Speed

Question 4

Psychologists use – to think and communicate about memory.

Answer 4

memory models

Question 5

• Compares human memory to computer operations

-  Involves three processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval

Answer 5

information-processing models

Question 6

•  Focuses on multitrack, parallel processing

- Views memories as products of interconnected neural networks

Answer 6

connectionism information-processing model

Question 7

Atkinson-Shiffren model

1. We first record to-be-remembered information as a fleeting –

Answer 7

sensory memory.

Question 8

Atkinson-Shiffren model

2. we process information into –, where we encode it through rehearsal.

Answer 8

short-term memory

Question 9

Atkinson-Shiffren model

3. Finally, information moves into – for later retrieval.

Answer 9

long-term memory

Question 10

some information slips into long-term memory via a “back door,” without our consciously attending to it

Answer 10

automatic processing

Question 11

Focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory (occurs during second stage)

Answer 11

working memory

Question 12

working memory is handled by a –

Answer 12

central executive

Question 13

of conscious facts and experiences encoded through conscious, effortful processing

Answer 13

explicit/declarative memories

Question 14

that form through automatic processes and bypass conscious encoding track

Answer 14

implicit/nondeclarative memories

Question 15

Implicit memories include automatic skills and – associations.

Answer 15

classically

conditioned

Question 16

information is – processed about space, time, and frequency

Answer 16

automatically

Question 17

With experience and practice, – become automatic

Answer 17

explicit memories

Question 18

first stage in forming explicit memories

Answer 18

sensory memory

Question 19

Immediate,verybrief

recording of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 19

sensory memory

Question 20

picture-image memory

Answer 20

iconic

Question 21

sound memory

Answer 21

echoic

Question 22

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly (such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing) before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 22

short-term memory

Question 23

Newer understanding of short-term memory that stresses conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Answer 23

working memory

Question 24

For working memory, Capacity varies by – at time of memory tasks

Answer 24

age and distractions

Question 25

Organization of items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Answer 25

chunking

Question 26

Memory aids, especially techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
(Peg-word system)

Answer 26

mnemonics

Question 27

Organization of items into a few broad categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Answer 27

hierarchies

Question 28

Encoding is more effective when it is

spread over time.

Answer 28

spacing effect

Question 29

– practice: Produces better long-term recall

Answer 29

Distributed

Question 30

– practice: Produces speedy short-term learning and feelings of confidence

Answer 30

Massive

Question 31

– encodes on a very basic level (word’s letters) or a more intermediate level (word’s sound).

Answer 31

Shallow processing

Question 32

– encodes semantically based on word meaning

Answer 32

Deep processing