Module 1 Flashcards
Fourth century B.C.E. – used observation and questioning to understand the body-psyche relationship
Aristotle
What event defined the start of scientific psychology?
began in Germany when Wundt opened the first psychology lab
defined psychology as “science of mental life”
Wundt
Wundt added two key elements to enhance the scientific nature of psychology
carefully measured observations and experiments
mentored by Wundt
Titchener
Encouraged
introspection, reporting on sensations and other elements of experience in reaction to stimuli
Titchener
Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding how the mind works?
variable self reports
1st psychologist
William James
assemble the mind’s structure from simple elements by looking at the evolved functions of thoughts and feelings
functionalism
form of psychology that used introspection to define the mind’s makeup
structuralism
– focused on how mental processes enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
functionalism
James believed that emotions were –
bottom up
functionalism =
William James
1st APA female president
Mary Whiton Calkins
studied with James but denied PhD
Calkins
second APA female president and wrote The Animal Mind
Maragret Floy Washburn
authored Principles of Psychology
James
studied with Michener but barred from his experimental psychology organization
Washburn
first woman to receive psychology PhD
Washburn
Defined psychology as “scientific study of observable
behavior” without reference to mental processes
behaviorism
psychologists of behaviorism
Watson, Skinner, and Rayner
two of the major forces in psychology well into the 1960s
behaviorism and Freudian psychology
classical conditioning
Watson
operant conditioning
Skinner
behaviorists Watson and Skinner dismissed –
introspection
Watson and Rayner conducted famous – experiments which showed that fear could be learned
“Little Albert”
Emphasized ways unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect later behavior
Freudian psychology
- Revived interest in study of mental processes
- Focused on ways current environments can nurture or limit growth potential and importance of having need for love and acceptance satisfied
humanistic psychology
who led humanistic psychology
Rogers and Maslow
The – occurred in 1960 and focus returned to interest in mental processes.
cognitive revolution
– scientifically explored ways in which information is perceived, processed, and remembered.
Cognitive psychology
The interdisciplinary field of – ties the science of mind (cognitive psychology) and the science of the brain (neuroscience) and focuses on brain activity underlying mental activity
cognitive neuroscience
How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology? It recaptured the field’s early interest in – and made them legitimate topics for scientific study.
mental processes
psychology =
science of behavior and mental processes
The field of psychology is growing and –
globalizing
Character and intelligence inherited; some ideas inborn
Plato (nature)
Some ideas are intuitive
Descartes (nature)
Some traits, behaviors, and instincts are part of species; natural selection
Darwin (nature)
content of mind comes through senses
Aristotle (nurture)
mind is a blank slate
Locke (nurture)
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
natural selection
Focus on how humans are alike because of common biology and evolutionary history
evolutionary psychology
focus on differences related to differing genes and environments
behavior genetics
Focus on ways culture shapes behavior, but same underlying processes are universal
cross-cultural psychology
Gender psychology: Focus on differences; males and females are overwhelmingly –
similar
even when specific attitudes and behaviors vary by gender or across cultures, as they often do, the underlying causes are much the–
same
Uses scientific methods to investigate building of good life that engages skill-building and a meaningful life that extends beyond self
positive psychology
positive psychologists such as – explores human flourishing
Seligman
psychology’s three main levels of analysis
biological, psychological, socio-cultural
psychology is a – scientific discipline (Cacloppo)
hub
Common quest : Describing and explaining – and the mind underlying it
behavior
How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
neuroscience
How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
evolutionary
How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
behavior genetics
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
psychodynamic
how we learn observable responses
behavioral
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve info
cognitive
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
socio-cultural
Testing boosts – of material
retention
Actively processing material and retrieving material helps master it
testing effect
– rehearsal, interspaced with other subjects, is more efficient than cramming
Spaced
SQ3R study method
Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review
