Module 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

A

wavelength

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2
Q

Dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.

A

hue

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3
Q

Amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. It is determined by the wave’s amplitude (height).

A

intensity

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4
Q

What is seen as light is only a thin slice of the broad spectrum of –.

A

electromagnetic energy

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5
Q

After entering the eye and being focused by a lens, light energy particles strike the eye’s inner surface, –.

A

the retina

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6
Q

The perceived hue in a light depends on its –

A

wavelength

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7
Q

brightness depends on

A

intensity

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8
Q

– the number of complete wavelengths that can pass a point in a given time, depends on the length of the wave.

A

frequency

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9
Q

Waves also vary in –, the height from peak to trough (top to bottom).

A

amplitude

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10
Q

Wave amplitude determines the brightness of colors and also the – of sounds

A

loudness

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11
Q

light entering the eye triggers – in rods and cones at the back of the retina

A

chemical reaction

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12
Q

chemical reaction at the back of the retina activates –

A

bipolar cells

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13
Q

bipolar cells then activate – whose combined axons form the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

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14
Q

– transmits info (via thalamus) to the brain

A

optic nerve

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15
Q

cones and rods provide a special –

A

sensitivity

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16
Q

cones are sensitive to – and –

A

detail and color

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17
Q

rods are sensitive to –

A

faint light

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18
Q

How does the brain turn light stimuli into useful information about the world?

A
  • Collection and analysis of sensory information

- Linkage of optic nerve with neurons in thalamus

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19
Q

color processing occurs in –

A

two stages

20
Q

Retina’s red, green, and blue cones respond in varying degrees to –, as the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory suggested

A

different color stimuli

21
Q

Cones’ responses are then processed by –, as Hering’s theory proposed

A

opponent- process cells

22
Q

Involves nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific feature of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

A

feature detection

23
Q

Hubel and Wiesel: Showed brain’s computing system – and then – visual images

A

deconstructs then reassembles

24
Q

Hubel and Wiesel: Found specialized – receive information from ganglions cells and pass to supercell clusters

A

occipital lobe neuron cells

25
brain delegates the work of processing motion, form, depth, and -- to different areas.
color
26
After taking a scene apart, the brain integrates these subdimensions into the --
perceived image
27
-- propose principles used to organize sensations into perception.
Gestalt psychologists
28
People tend to organize pieces of information into an organized whole or--
Gestalt
29
Organization of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
figure-ground
30
Perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful groups
grouping
31
Human minds use these grouping strategies to see patterns and objects.
proximity, closure, continuity
32
Represents ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional
depth perception
33
depth perception allows us to judge --
distance
34
depth perception is present, at least in part, at -- in humans and other animals
birth
35
-- test of early 3D perception (Gibson and Walk)
The Visual Cliff
36
most infants -- to crawl across the visual cliff
refuse
37
crawling, no matter when it begins, seems to -- an infant's fear of heights
increase
38
Two eyes help perception of depth
binocular cues
39
Binocular cue for perceiving depth
retinal disparity
40
By comparing images from the two eyes, the brain calculates --
distance
41
used by 3D film makers
retinal disparity
42
Depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, | available to either eye alone
monocular cue
43
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if changing -- alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
illumination
44
Perception of objects as having constant size even when distance from them varies
size constancy
45
Effect of sensory restriction on infant cats, monkeys, and humans suggests there is a critical period for normal --
sensory and perceptual development
46
Without --, normal connections do not develop.
stimulation
47
Ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
perceptual adaptation