Module 14/15 Flashcards
when one sperm cell unites with an egg to form a – or fertilized egg
zygote
zygote enters a – period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
2-week
The zygote’s inner cells become the –
embryo
zygote’s outer cells become the –
placenta
developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
embryo
In the next 6 weeks, the fetus’s body organs begin to –
form and function
by – weeks the fetus is recognizably human
9
Agent, such as a chemical or virus, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
teratogen
Physical and mental abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
newborn’s automatic reflex responses
sucking, tonguing, swallowing, and breathing
newborns cry to elicit – and –
help and comfort
newborns posses a biologically rooted –
temperament
newborns have an inborn preference for looking towards –
faces
brain dev at birth: – growth spurt and synaptic pruning
neuronal
brain dev at 3-6 months rapid – growth and continued growth into adolescence and beyond
frontal lobe
brain dev at early childhood is – for some skills such as language and vision
critical period
brain dev throughout life, – changes brain tissue
learning
T/F: infants are capable of learning and remembering
true
Infantile amnesia may reflect – memory.
conscious
motor skills develop as nervous system and – mature
muscles
motor skills are primarily universal in –, but not in timing
sequence
(Piaget) children are – thinkers
active
(Piaget) Mind develops through series of universal, – stages from simple reflexes to adult abstract reasoning
irreversible
(Piaget) Children’s maturing brains build schemas which are used and adjusted through – and accommodation
assimilation
(Piaget) Tools for thinking and reasoning change with
development
adaptation, assimilation, accommodation
(Piaget) Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
object permanence
(Piaget) children age 18-30 months may fail to take the size of an object into account when trying to perform impossible actions with it
scale errors
(Piaget) preoperational stage
2-7 years
(Piaget) - Child learns to use language but cannot yet perform
the mental operations of concrete logic
- conservation
- egocentrism/curse of knowledge
preoperational stage
(Piaget) - Involves ability to read mental state of others
- Between 31⁄2 and 41⁄2, children worldwide use theory of mind to realize others may hold false beliefs
- By 4 to 5, children anticipate false beliefs of friends
Theory of mind
(Piaget) concrete operational
7-11 years
(Piaget) - Children gain the mental operations that enable them
to think logically about concrete events.
- They begin to understand change in form before change in quantity and become able to understand simple math and conservation.
concrete operational
(Piaget) formal operational
12-adulthood
(Piaget) - Children are no longer limited to concrete reasoning
based on actual experience.
- They are able to think abstractly.
formal operational
(Vygotsky) children’s minds grow through – with the physical environment
interaction
(Vygotsky) By age 7, children are able to think and solve problems with –
words
(Vygotsky) parents and others provide a – to facilitate a child’s higher level of thinking
temporary scaffold
(Vygotsky) the language of the child’s culture in – is used
internalized, inner speech
Development is more – than Piaget theorized.
continuous
Children may be more – than Piaget’s theory revealed.
competent
Children with ASD have impaired theory of mind, social deficiencies, and repetitive behaviors.
autism spectrum disorder
Reading faces and – is challenging for those with ASD.
social signals
Underlying causes of ASD are attributed to – among brain regions that facilitate theory of mind skills and genetic influences.
poor communication
prevalence of ASD – boys for every girl
four
ASD – when prenatal testosterone/extreme male brain exists
Higher
ASD – among elite math students and progeny of engineers and MIT graduates
Higher
Emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver, and showing distress on separation
infant attachment
At about 8 months, soon after object permanence develops, children separated from their caregivers display –
stranger anxiety.
Infants form – not simply because parents gratify biological needs but, more importantly, because they are comfortable, familiar, and responsive.
attachments
Another key to attachment is –.
familiarity
Optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
critical period
Process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life
imprinting
– experiments show that some children are securely attached and others are insecurely attached
strange situation
Infants’ differing attachment styles reflect both their – and the responsiveness of their parents and child-care providers
individual temperament
Early attachment impact on later adult relationships and comfort with –
affection and intimacy
Most children growing up in adversity or experiencing abuse are –, but those who are severely neglected by their parents, or otherwise prevented from forming attachments at an early age, may be at risk for attachment problem
resilient
self-concept, an understanding and evaluation of who we are, emerges –
gradually
6 months: Self-awareness begins with – in mirror (Darwin)
self-recognition
15-18 months: Schema of how face should look –
apparent
– More detailed descriptions of gender, group membership, psychological traits, and peer comparisons
School age:
self image stable by
8-10 years old
Parenting styles reflect varying degrees of – (Baumrind)
control
parents tend to have children with the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence.
authoritative
parents tend to have children who are more aggressive and immature.
permissive
parents tend to have children with less social skills and self-esteem.
authoritarian
