Module 14/15

Question 1

when one sperm cell unites with an egg to form a – or fertilized egg

Answer 1

zygote

Question 2

zygote enters a – period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Answer 2

2-week

Question 3

The zygote’s inner cells become the –

Answer 3

embryo

Question 4

zygote’s outer cells become the –

Answer 4

placenta

Question 5

developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

Answer 5

embryo

Question 6

In the next 6 weeks, the fetus’s body organs begin to –

Answer 6

form and function

Question 7

by – weeks the fetus is recognizably human

Answer 7

9

Question 8

Agent, such as a chemical or virus, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Answer 8

teratogen

Question 9

Physical and mental abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features.

Answer 9

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 10

newborn’s automatic reflex responses

Answer 10

sucking, tonguing, swallowing, and breathing

Question 11

newborns cry to elicit – and –

Answer 11

help and comfort

Question 12

newborns posses a biologically rooted –

Answer 12

temperament

Question 13

newborns have an inborn preference for looking towards –

Answer 13

faces

Question 14

brain dev at birth: – growth spurt and synaptic pruning

Answer 14

neuronal

Question 15

brain dev at 3-6 months rapid – growth and continued growth into adolescence and beyond

Answer 15

frontal lobe

Question 16

brain dev at early childhood is – for some skills such as language and vision

Answer 16

critical period

Question 17

brain dev throughout life, – changes brain tissue

Answer 17

learning

Question 18

T/F: infants are capable of learning and remembering

Answer 18

true

Question 19

Infantile amnesia may reflect – memory.

Answer 19

conscious

Question 20

motor skills develop as nervous system and – mature

Answer 20

muscles

Question 21

motor skills are primarily universal in –, but not in timing

Answer 21

sequence

Question 22

(Piaget) children are – thinkers

Answer 22

active

Question 23

(Piaget) Mind develops through series of universal, – stages from simple reflexes to adult abstract reasoning

Answer 23

irreversible

Question 24

(Piaget) Children’s maturing brains build schemas which are used and adjusted through – and accommodation

Answer 24

assimilation

Question 25

(Piaget) Tools for thinking and reasoning change with | development

Answer 25

adaptation, assimilation, accommodation

Question 26

(Piaget) Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Answer 26

object permanence

Question 27

(Piaget) children age 18-30 months may fail to take the size of an object into account when trying to perform impossible actions with it

Answer 27

scale errors

Question 28

(Piaget) preoperational stage

Answer 28

2-7 years

Question 29

(Piaget) - Child learns to use language but cannot yet perform the mental operations of concrete logic - conservation - egocentrism/curse of knowledge

Answer 29

preoperational stage

Question 30

(Piaget) - Involves ability to read mental state of others -  Between 31⁄2 and 41⁄2, children worldwide use theory of mind to realize others may hold false beliefs -  By 4 to 5, children anticipate false beliefs of friends

Answer 30

Theory of mind

Question 31

(Piaget) concrete operational

Answer 31

7-11 years

Question 32

(Piaget) - Children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. - They begin to understand change in form before change in quantity and become able to understand simple math and conservation.

Answer 32

concrete operational

Question 33

(Piaget) formal operational

Answer 33

12-adulthood

Question 34

(Piaget) - Children are no longer limited to concrete reasoning based on actual experience. - They are able to think abstractly.

Answer 34

formal operational

Question 35

(Vygotsky) children's minds grow through -- with the physical environment

Answer 35

interaction

Question 36

(Vygotsky) By age 7, children are able to think and solve problems with --

Answer 36

words

Question 37

(Vygotsky) parents and others provide a -- to facilitate a child's higher level of thinking

Answer 37

temporary scaffold

Question 38

(Vygotsky) the language of the child's culture in -- is used

Answer 38

internalized, inner speech

Question 39

Development is more -- than Piaget theorized.

Answer 39

continuous

Question 40

Children may be more -- than Piaget’s theory revealed.

Answer 40

competent

Question 41

Children with ASD have impaired theory of mind, social deficiencies, and repetitive behaviors.

Answer 41

autism spectrum disorder

Question 42

Reading faces and -- is challenging for those with ASD.

Answer 42

social signals

Question 43

Underlying causes of ASD are attributed to -- among brain regions that facilitate theory of mind skills and genetic influences.

Answer 43

poor communication

Question 44

prevalence of ASD -- boys for every girl

Answer 44

four

Question 45

ASD -- when prenatal testosterone/extreme male brain exists

Answer 45

Higher

Question 46

ASD -- among elite math students and progeny of engineers and MIT graduates

Answer 46

Higher

Question 47

Emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver, and showing distress on separation

Answer 47

infant attachment

Question 48

At about 8 months, soon after object permanence develops, children separated from their caregivers display --

Answer 48

stranger anxiety.

Question 49

Infants form -- not simply because parents gratify biological needs but, more importantly, because they are comfortable, familiar, and responsive.

Answer 49

attachments

Question 50

Another key to attachment is --.

Answer 50

familiarity

Question 51

Optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Answer 51

critical period

Question 52

Process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

Answer 52

imprinting

Question 53

-- experiments show that some children are securely attached and others are insecurely attached

Answer 53

strange situation

Question 54

Infants’ differing attachment styles reflect both their -- and the responsiveness of their parents and child-care providers

Answer 54

individual temperament

Question 55

Early attachment impact on later adult relationships and comfort with --

Answer 55

affection and intimacy

Question 56

Most children growing up in adversity or experiencing abuse are --, but those who are severely neglected by their parents, or otherwise prevented from forming attachments at an early age, may be at risk for attachment problem

Answer 56

resilient

Question 57

self-concept, an understanding and evaluation of who we are, emerges --

Answer 57

gradually

Question 58

6 months: Self-awareness begins with -- in mirror (Darwin)

Answer 58

self-recognition

Question 59

15-18 months: Schema of how face should look --

Answer 59

apparent

Question 60

-- More detailed descriptions of gender, group membership, psychological traits, and peer comparisons

Answer 60

School age:

Question 61

self image stable by

Answer 61

8-10 years old

Question 62

Parenting styles reflect varying degrees of -- (Baumrind)

Answer 62

control

Question 63

parents tend to have children with the highest self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence.

Answer 63

authoritative

Question 64

parents tend to have children who are more aggressive and immature.

Answer 64

permissive

Question 65

parents tend to have children with less social skills and self-esteem.

Answer 65

authoritarian