Microbiology 16: Bacterial And Viral Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What does the R0 of a disease tell you ?

A

The number of people that 1 infected person will infect on average

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2
Q

Outline the immune response to a new pathogen

A

1- APC present antigens from the pathogen to Naive T helper cells.
2- Naive T helper cells become activated and activate naive B cells
3- Some B cells become activated to plasma cells which can produce antibodies against the pathogen
4- The activated T cells can also activate T killer cells which destroy the pathogen
5- Memory B and T cells are formed to create adaptive immunity

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3
Q

What is an attenuated vaccine ?

Give 4 examples ?

A

Live organism modified to be less virulent

MMR, yellow fever, VZV, Typhoid

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4
Q

What is an inactivated vaccine ?

Give 3 examples?

A

The microorganism is destroyed and its particles injected

Influenza, Pertussis, Hep A,

also (polio (SALK), cholera)

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5
Q

What is a toxoid vaccine ?

Give 2 examples ?

A

A vaccine containing inactivated toxin of a pathogen

Diphtheria, tetanus

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6
Q

What is a subunit vaccine ?

Give 2 examples ?

A

A protein component of the pathogen is injected

Hepatitis B virus, HPV

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7
Q

What is a conjugate vaccine ?

Give 3 examples ?

A

Poorly immunogenic antigens are paired with an adjuvant which stimulates the immune system to respond

(encapsulated bacteria NHS)

Meningococcus (Men c, Men b etc)
Pneumococcus (PCV)
Haemophilus Influenza B (Hib)

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8
Q

What is a heterotrophic vaccine ?

Give one example ?

A

Using a pathogen that infects other animals but does not cause disease in humans

BCG

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9
Q

Give 2 contraindications to most live vaccines ?

A

Pregnancy

Immunocompromised patients

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10
Q

Is MMR safe in HIV ?

A

Yes (one of the exceptions in live vaccines)

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