Microbio exam 2 Flashcards
Broad spectrum
antibiotics affect a wide rang of bacteria
Narrow Spectrum
Target specific types of bacteria such as gram positive or negative
Antibacterial
a drug having the effect or killing or inhabiting bacteria
3 classes of antibacterial antibiotics
lipopeptides, glycylclines, and oxazolidiones
Gram Stain
a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups
Gram Positive stain color
purple/blue color
Gram negative
pink/red color
Bactericidal
kill bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis
Bacteriostatic
slows bacteria growth by inferring with bacterial protein production, DNA replication and other bacterial cellular metabolism
MBC
minium bactericidal concentration: minimum concentration of drug which can kill 99.99% of the population
silent carriers
carriers that have no sign of disease but have disease
B-Lactam and glycopeptide
inhibit or interfere with cell wall synthesis of the target bacteria
Cell wall
helps maintain shape and avoid damage
Plasma membrane
semipermeable membrane that surrounds cytoplasm
Antimicrobial drugs inhabit nucleic acid synthesis through differences in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzymes
replication
process by which an object, person, place or idea may be copied mimicked or reproduced
transcription
the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA
Protein synthesis inhibitors are substances that disrupt the processes that lead directly to the
generation of new protein cells
translation
a process occurring in the ribosomes in which a strand of mRNA guides the assembly of a sequence of amino acids
antimicrobial
substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
MIC
minimum inhibitory concentration; the lowest drug concentration that prevents visible microorganism growth after overnight incubation. (does not kill it)
locus
point on the body where a pathogen enters
pathogen
any organism or substance capable of causing disease
infectious
transmissible or communicable with clinical evident illness
contagious
having a disease that can be transmitted to another person by touch
infection
an uncontrolled growth of harmful MO in a host
infection begins when an organisms successfully
colonizes a host by entering the host’s body, growing and multiplying from there.
individuals who are weak or sick have
increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections
vaccination
inoculation with a vaccine in order to protect a particular disease or strain
Opportunistic infection
any infection that causes disease and occurs only when the host’s immune system is impaired
microbiota
the microbial flora by normal healthy people
two types of cooperation: and what do they do
Altruism and mutualism
altruism- reagard for others
Mutualism- a relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit
Attachment of bacteria to host surface often added by
pili or fimbrae
Transmission
is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a conspecific individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in set populations
epidemic
a widespread disease that affects many individuals in a population
outbreak
occurrence of disease greater than would otherwise be expected
pandemic
a disease that hits a wide geographical area and affects a large proportion of the population
susceptible
likely to be affected
nosocomial
contracted in a hospital or arising from hospital treatment
What antibiotics do
inhibit/infere with cell wall synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis, disrupt unique components of cytoplasmic membrane
B Lactcams inhibit
peptidoglycan synthesis
glycopeptide
prevents addition of new units to a growing cell all
linezoid
prevents formation of initiation complex
tetracycline and tigecyline
blocks A cite
Aminogylcosides
interfere with proofreading
Chloramphnicol
blocks peptide transfer step of elongate on 50s subbing in bacteria and mitochondria
adverse effects: leukemia
Macrolides
inhibit ribosomal translocation. May cause debilitating myopathy when mixed with stains
Nucleic acid systhesis inhibitors
rifampin and quinolones
rifampin
blocks mRNA syn.
Quinolones
inhibits DNA syn.
Metabolic pathways inhibitors
antifolates, pyrimidnes, and purine analogues
R plasmid
a ring within a cell
Bacterial transformation (horizontal gene transfer)
release of DNA w/ antibiotic resistance gene
Bacterial transduction (horizontal gene transfer)
release of phage
Bacterial conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)
bacterial sex (seems equal)
Kirby B diffusion of susceptibility test: Susceptible and resistant
susceptible means antibiotics work
resistant means antibiotics do not work
about ___% is allergic to penicllin
1
bacteria will pick up resistant gene from
environment
zone of inhibition
antibiotic where it sis effective and bacteria inhibited
no microbiota
axenic
Resident
stays for a long time
Transient
short stay
Microbiota on birth: mutualistic
both benefit
Microbiota on birth: communalistic
1 benefit other is not harmed
changes in normal biota can be caused by
competition, stress, diet, antibiotics, hormon change
Zoonosis
contact with animal or its waste, eating animals
Humans usually dead in host because
humans usually don’t eat humans
Human carriers example:
AIDS/Syphillis
Nonliving reservoirs examples:
soil, water, food
Exposure “contaminated” presence of microbes in/on the body, could become new resident of
microbiota, be a transient, overcome defenses and multiply and become established (infections)
MoT Contact; direct
hand shaking
MoT Contact: indirect
drinking glasses, toys, brushes
MoT contact: droplet
droplets from a sneeze (1 meter)
MoT vehicle: airborne
dust particles
MoT vehicle: waterborne
swimming pools
MoT vehicle: foodborne
food poisoning
MoT vector: Mechanical
pathogen multiplies transmitter
MoT vector: Biological
accidental transmitters
Portals of entry
skin, mucus membrane, placenta
Parental as a portal of entry:
a true portal of entry, pathogen directly into tissue beneath skin on mucous membrane
Adhesion factors:
have hooks or suckers; extracellular enzyme
Attachment proteins:
different viruses/bacterial have different mechanisms “host specific.” Bacteria need adhesion factors because they won’t be able to cause the disease without it
Disease Notes
different from infection; any change from state of health. Microbe multiples to adversely affect the body
Contamination Notes
Mere presence of microbe
Infection Notes
invasion of pathogens
signs
can be seen
symptoms
subjective, can be measured or observed
syndrome
sings and symptoms characteristics of a disease
Asymptomatic/subclinical
may not know you have the disease, can’t look a the person and say something is wrong because they’re not showing signs
Virulence
more likely to cause disease
hyalrunoidase
dissolves glue between cells, and if you remove glue then you have space for invasion
collagenaise
breaks down structure
coagulase
clots forms
kinase
dissolve blood cells
cytokines
cytokines Regulatory proteins that function in the regulation of the cells involved in immune system function
exotoxin
Any toxin secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment
Mainly gram positive and gram negative, high toxicity, variable effect on host, typically unstable at temps over 60 c
endotoxin
Any toxin secreted by a microorganism and released into the surrounding environment only when it dies.
o Gram negative, low toxicity but can be fatal with high dosages, can cause fever, shock, blood clots on host, and stable up to 1 hour in autoclave temp
True Pathogen
healthy individual comes in contact with a pathogen dn gets sick
incubation
no symp
prodromal
feeling bad but not knowing why
illness
most sever sings and symps
decline
immune system taking care of infection
convalescence
repairing your body
latent
in hiding (always contagious)
Koch’s Postubutes rules:
some pathogens can’t be grown in lab
Some diseases are caused by a combo
some disease only affect human so injected into animals is frowned upon
Acute Disease
symptoms develop rapidly and runs its course quickly
Chronic Disease
usually mild symptoms that develop slowly and last a long time
Subacute disease
with time course and symptoms between acute and chronic
Asymptomatic disease
disease without symptoms
Latent disease
Appears a long time after infection
Communicable disease
transmitted from one host to another
contagious disease
easily spreadable
Noncommunicable disease
arising from outside hosts or disease from opportunistic pathogen
Local infection
infection confined to a small region of the body
Systemic Infection
widespread infection in many systems of the body; often travels in the blood or lymph
Focal infection
infection that serves as a source of pathogens for infection at other sites in the body
Primary infection
initial infection within a given patient
Secondary infection
infections that follow a primary infection; often by opportunistic pathogens
Epidemiology
the study of who gets diseases
Incidents
number of new cases in a given area in a given time period
Prevalence
number of total cases in an area in a time period
Frequency in geographic distribution can be reached by
breaking down data
Epidemiological studies:
descriptive study, location and time of cases, collect patient info
Analytical epidemiology
looking for probably cause, mode of transmission, how to prevent it
Experimental
testing it out
HAI
hospital associated infections aka nosocomial
Exgenous
from health care environment, pathogens floating in air, nurses not washing their hands properly
Endogenous
normal microbiota you get yourself from being on antibiotics
Iantrogenic
medial procedure fore ex. getting a catheter and getting an infection
An example of a superinfection and how to control it
C.Diff
isolate patients and sterilize
Endemic
occurs at a constant rate in a given area
Sporadic
case pops up every now and then
MMWR
Descriptive data
