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Bio 100 > Microbio exam 2 > Flashcards

Microbio exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Broad spectrum

A

antibiotics affect a wide rang of bacteria

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2
Q

Narrow Spectrum

A

Target specific types of bacteria such as gram positive or negative

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3
Q

Antibacterial

A

a drug having the effect or killing or inhabiting bacteria

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4
Q

3 classes of antibacterial antibiotics

A

lipopeptides, glycylclines, and oxazolidiones

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5
Q

Gram Stain

A

a method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups

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6
Q

Gram Positive stain color

A

purple/blue color

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7
Q

Gram negative

A

pink/red color

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8
Q

Bactericidal

A

kill bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis

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9
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

slows bacteria growth by inferring with bacterial protein production, DNA replication and other bacterial cellular metabolism

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10
Q

MBC

A

minium bactericidal concentration: minimum concentration of drug which can kill 99.99% of the population

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11
Q

silent carriers

A

carriers that have no sign of disease but have disease

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12
Q

B-Lactam and glycopeptide

A

inhibit or interfere with cell wall synthesis of the target bacteria

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13
Q

Cell wall

A

helps maintain shape and avoid damage

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14
Q

Plasma membrane

A

semipermeable membrane that surrounds cytoplasm

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15
Q

Antimicrobial drugs inhabit nucleic acid synthesis through differences in

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic enzymes

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16
Q

replication

A

process by which an object, person, place or idea may be copied mimicked or reproduced

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17
Q

transcription

A

the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

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18
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors are substances that disrupt the processes that lead directly to the

A

generation of new protein cells

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19
Q

translation

A

a process occurring in the ribosomes in which a strand of mRNA guides the assembly of a sequence of amino acids

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20
Q

antimicrobial

A

substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

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21
Q

MIC

A

minimum inhibitory concentration; the lowest drug concentration that prevents visible microorganism growth after overnight incubation. (does not kill it)

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22
Q

locus

A

point on the body where a pathogen enters

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23
Q

pathogen

A

any organism or substance capable of causing disease

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24
Q

infectious

A

transmissible or communicable with clinical evident illness

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25
Q

contagious

A

having a disease that can be transmitted to another person by touch

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26
Q

infection

A

an uncontrolled growth of harmful MO in a host

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27
Q

infection begins when an organisms successfully

A

colonizes a host by entering the host’s body, growing and multiplying from there.

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28
Q

individuals who are weak or sick have

A

increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections

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29
Q

vaccination

A

inoculation with a vaccine in order to protect a particular disease or strain

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30
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

any infection that causes disease and occurs only when the host’s immune system is impaired

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31
Q

microbiota

A

the microbial flora by normal healthy people

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32
Q

two types of cooperation: and what do they do

A

Altruism and mutualism
altruism- reagard for others
Mutualism- a relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit

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33
Q

Attachment of bacteria to host surface often added by

A

pili or fimbrae

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34
Q

Transmission

A

is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a conspecific individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected.

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35
Q

Epidemiology

A

Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in set populations

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36
Q

epidemic

A

a widespread disease that affects many individuals in a population

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37
Q

outbreak

A

occurrence of disease greater than would otherwise be expected

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38
Q

pandemic

A

a disease that hits a wide geographical area and affects a large proportion of the population

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39
Q

susceptible

A

likely to be affected

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40
Q

nosocomial

A

contracted in a hospital or arising from hospital treatment

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41
Q

What antibiotics do

A

inhibit/infere with cell wall synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis, disrupt unique components of cytoplasmic membrane

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42
Q

B Lactcams inhibit

A

peptidoglycan synthesis

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43
Q

glycopeptide

A

prevents addition of new units to a growing cell all

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44
Q

linezoid

A

prevents formation of initiation complex

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45
Q

tetracycline and tigecyline

A

blocks A cite

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46
Q

Aminogylcosides

A

interfere with proofreading

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47
Q

Chloramphnicol

A

blocks peptide transfer step of elongate on 50s subbing in bacteria and mitochondria
adverse effects: leukemia

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48
Q

Macrolides

A

inhibit ribosomal translocation. May cause debilitating myopathy when mixed with stains

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49
Q

Nucleic acid systhesis inhibitors

A

rifampin and quinolones

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50
Q

rifampin

A

blocks mRNA syn.

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51
Q

Quinolones

A

inhibits DNA syn.

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52
Q

Metabolic pathways inhibitors

A

antifolates, pyrimidnes, and purine analogues

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53
Q

R plasmid

A

a ring within a cell

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54
Q

Bacterial transformation (horizontal gene transfer)

A

release of DNA w/ antibiotic resistance gene

55
Q

Bacterial transduction (horizontal gene transfer)

A

release of phage

56
Q

Bacterial conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)

A

bacterial sex (seems equal)

57
Q

Kirby B diffusion of susceptibility test: Susceptible and resistant

A

susceptible means antibiotics work

resistant means antibiotics do not work

58
Q

about ___% is allergic to penicllin

A

1

59
Q

bacteria will pick up resistant gene from

A

environment

60
Q

zone of inhibition

A

antibiotic where it sis effective and bacteria inhibited

61
Q

no microbiota

A

axenic

62
Q

Resident

A

stays for a long time

63
Q

Transient

A

short stay

64
Q

Microbiota on birth: mutualistic

A

both benefit

65
Q

Microbiota on birth: communalistic

A

1 benefit other is not harmed

66
Q

changes in normal biota can be caused by

A

competition, stress, diet, antibiotics, hormon change

67
Q

Zoonosis

A

contact with animal or its waste, eating animals

68
Q

Humans usually dead in host because

A

humans usually don’t eat humans

69
Q

Human carriers example:

A

AIDS/Syphillis

70
Q

Nonliving reservoirs examples:

A

soil, water, food

71
Q

Exposure “contaminated” presence of microbes in/on the body, could become new resident of

A

microbiota, be a transient, overcome defenses and multiply and become established (infections)

72
Q

MoT Contact; direct

A

hand shaking

73
Q

MoT Contact: indirect

A

drinking glasses, toys, brushes

74
Q

MoT contact: droplet

A

droplets from a sneeze (1 meter)

75
Q

MoT vehicle: airborne

A

dust particles

76
Q

MoT vehicle: waterborne

A

swimming pools

77
Q

MoT vehicle: foodborne

A

food poisoning

78
Q

MoT vector: Mechanical

A

pathogen multiplies transmitter

79
Q

MoT vector: Biological

A

accidental transmitters

80
Q

Portals of entry

A

skin, mucus membrane, placenta

81
Q

Parental as a portal of entry:

A

a true portal of entry, pathogen directly into tissue beneath skin on mucous membrane

82
Q

Adhesion factors:

A

have hooks or suckers; extracellular enzyme

83
Q

Attachment proteins:

A

different viruses/bacterial have different mechanisms “host specific.” Bacteria need adhesion factors because they won’t be able to cause the disease without it

84
Q

Disease Notes

A

different from infection; any change from state of health. Microbe multiples to adversely affect the body

85
Q

Contamination Notes

A

Mere presence of microbe

86
Q

Infection Notes

A

invasion of pathogens

87
Q

signs

A

can be seen

88
Q

symptoms

A

subjective, can be measured or observed

89
Q

syndrome

A

sings and symptoms characteristics of a disease

90
Q

Asymptomatic/subclinical

A

may not know you have the disease, can’t look a the person and say something is wrong because they’re not showing signs

91
Q

Virulence

A

more likely to cause disease

92
Q

hyalrunoidase

A

dissolves glue between cells, and if you remove glue then you have space for invasion

93
Q

collagenaise

A

breaks down structure

94
Q

coagulase

A

clots forms

95
Q

kinase

A

dissolve blood cells

96
Q

cytokines

A

cytokines Regulatory proteins that function in the regulation of the cells involved in immune system function

97
Q

exotoxin

A

Any toxin secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment

Mainly gram positive and gram negative, high toxicity, variable effect on host, typically unstable at temps over 60 c

98
Q

endotoxin

A

Any toxin secreted by a microorganism and released into the surrounding environment only when it dies.
o Gram negative, low toxicity but can be fatal with high dosages, can cause fever, shock, blood clots on host, and stable up to 1 hour in autoclave temp

99
Q

True Pathogen

A

healthy individual comes in contact with a pathogen dn gets sick

100
Q

incubation

A

no symp

101
Q

prodromal

A

feeling bad but not knowing why

102
Q

illness

A

most sever sings and symps

103
Q

decline

A

immune system taking care of infection

104
Q

convalescence

A

repairing your body

105
Q

latent

A

in hiding (always contagious)

106
Q

Koch’s Postubutes rules:

A

some pathogens can’t be grown in lab
Some diseases are caused by a combo
some disease only affect human so injected into animals is frowned upon

107
Q

Acute Disease

A

symptoms develop rapidly and runs its course quickly

108
Q

Chronic Disease

A

usually mild symptoms that develop slowly and last a long time

109
Q

Subacute disease

A

with time course and symptoms between acute and chronic

110
Q

Asymptomatic disease

A

disease without symptoms

111
Q

Latent disease

A

Appears a long time after infection

112
Q

Communicable disease

A

transmitted from one host to another

113
Q

contagious disease

A

easily spreadable

114
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

arising from outside hosts or disease from opportunistic pathogen

115
Q

Local infection

A

infection confined to a small region of the body

116
Q

Systemic Infection

A

widespread infection in many systems of the body; often travels in the blood or lymph

117
Q

Focal infection

A

infection that serves as a source of pathogens for infection at other sites in the body

118
Q

Primary infection

A

initial infection within a given patient

119
Q

Secondary infection

A

infections that follow a primary infection; often by opportunistic pathogens

120
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of who gets diseases

121
Q

Incidents

A

number of new cases in a given area in a given time period

122
Q

Prevalence

A

number of total cases in an area in a time period

123
Q

Frequency in geographic distribution can be reached by

A

breaking down data

124
Q

Epidemiological studies:

A

descriptive study, location and time of cases, collect patient info

125
Q

Analytical epidemiology

A

looking for probably cause, mode of transmission, how to prevent it

126
Q

Experimental

A

testing it out

127
Q

HAI

A

hospital associated infections aka nosocomial

128
Q

Exgenous

A

from health care environment, pathogens floating in air, nurses not washing their hands properly

129
Q

Endogenous

A

normal microbiota you get yourself from being on antibiotics

130
Q

Iantrogenic

A

medial procedure fore ex. getting a catheter and getting an infection

131
Q

An example of a superinfection and how to control it

A

C.Diff

isolate patients and sterilize

132
Q

Endemic

A

occurs at a constant rate in a given area

133
Q

Sporadic

A

case pops up every now and then

134
Q

MMWR

A

Descriptive data

Bio 100 (37 decks)

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