chapter 3 Flashcards
Carbohydrates
Most abundant biological molecules. Function as energy reservoirs and structural materials.
Lipids
Function as energy reservoirs and as waterproofing or lubricating substances. Insoluble in water
Proteins
Structurally and functionally, most diverse. Include enzymes, structural material, signaling molecules and transporters. Organic compound composed of one or more chains of amino acids
Nucleotides and nucleic acids
Two kinds of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, interact as the cell’s system of storing, retrieving, and translating information about building proteins
Functional Group
cluster of atoms covalently bonded to a carbon atom of an organic molecule.
Metabolism
Refers to activities by which cells acquire and use energy as they construct, rearrange, and split organic compounds
Condensation
two molecules covalently bond into a larger one
Cleavage
A molecule splits into two smaller ones. hydrolysis is an example
functional group transfer
a functional group is transferred from one molecule to another
rearrangement
juggling of covalent bonds converts one organic compound into another
Hydrolysis
the reverse of condensation. Splits large molecules into smaller ones
Monomers
subunits to build larger molecules that are structural and functional parts of cells, to build polymers
Polymers
Chains of monomers.
Carbohydrates consist of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Oligosaccharide
Short chain of covalently bonded monosaccharides
Complex carbohydrates
Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers
Fatty Acids
Simple organic compounds that have a carboxyl group joined to a backbone of four to thirty six carbon atoms
Fats
Lipids with one, two or three fatty acids that dangle like tails from a small alcohol called glycerol
Triglycerides
Fats with three fatty acid tails linked to the glycerol
Phospholipids
Has a polar head with a phosphate in it, and two non polar fatty acid tails
Waxes
complex, varying mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long chain alcohols or carbon rings
Steroids
Lipids with a rigid backbone of four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails.
Amino Acid
A small organic compound with an amine group, a carboxyl group, and one or more atoms .
Polypeptides
Protein synthesis involves bonding amino acids into chains
Denature
molecules shape unravels and longer function
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars
Oligosaccharides
Short chained carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates
Glycerides
Glycerol backbone with one, two or three fatty acid tails
Phospholipids
Glycerol backbone, phosphate group, another polar group, often two fatty acids
Fibrous Proteins
Long strands of polypeptide chains
Globular proteins
one or more polypeptide chains folded into globular shape
Nucleotides
small organic molecules
ATP
Nucleotide, has a row of three phosphate groups attached to its sugar. High energy
Nucleic acids
Polymers, chains of nucleotides in which the sugar of one nucleotide is joined to the phosphate group of the next
RNA
Ribonucleic acid, named after ribose sugar of its component nucleotides. important in protein synthesis
DNA
consists of two nucleotide chains twisted together
Hydrolysis
breaking bond using water
Four nucleic Acids
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, cytosine
