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Bio 100 > Micro Bio exam 1 > Flashcards

Micro Bio exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are microbes

A

a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters, or multicellular relatively complex organism.

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2
Q

4 Categories of Bacteria

A 
Category A (deadly)
Category B (less deadly)
Category C (not so bad)
Genetically engineered
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3
Q

Who discovered microbiology

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

Major types of microbes

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, and Virsuses

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5
Q

Symbiotic

A

An organism in a partnership with another such that each profits from their being together

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6
Q

Ecosystem

A

Ecosystem: The Interconnectedness of plants, animals, and microbes with each other and their environment.

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7
Q

Pathogenic

A

Pathogenic: Able to cause harmful disease

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8
Q

Bacteria characteristics

A

prokaryote, unicellular, reproduction by binary fissure, may be motile by flagella, PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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9
Q

Cocci shape

A

round

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10
Q

Bacilli shape

A

rod shape

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11
Q

Spirilia shape

A

Spiral shape

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12
Q

Vibrio shape

A

Curved shape

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13
Q

Diplo meaning

A

2 or more

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14
Q

Strepto meaning

A

a chain

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15
Q

Straphalo meaning

A

a cluster

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16
Q

Tetrad meaning

A

4 cocci

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17
Q

Tetrad meaning

A

4 cocci

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18
Q

Biofilms

A

Microbial communities that are very difficult to destroy; are considered for diseases such as bacterial infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. They are a large threat because they resist methods used to control growth

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19
Q

Hygiene

A

best avoidance of infection; ex: sterilization

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20
Q

Microbes benefits and harms:

A

benefits in producing oxygen, decomposing organic material and providing nutrients for plants but can cause diseases.

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21
Q

Gram Stain

A

A method of differentiating bacterial species into large groups (positive or negative)

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22
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

a polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls

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23
Q

Aerobic

A

living in the presence of oxygen

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24
Q

Anaerobic

A

living without oxygen

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25
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

can live in both environments

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26
Q

Autotrophs

A

make their own food by using the energy of sunlight or chemical reactions

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27
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

if energy is obtained by chemical reaction

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28
Q

Heterotrophs

A

obtained energy by consuming other organisms

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29
Q

Saprophytes

A

bacteria that use decaying life forms as a source of energy

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30
Q

Saprophytes

A

bacteria that use decaying life forms as a source of energy

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31
Q

Archaea characteristics

A

unicellular, prokaryotic, AND NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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32
Q

Methanogens

A

methane producing organisms

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33
Q

Halophiles

A

archaeans that live in salty environments

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34
Q

Thermophiles

A

archaeans that live at extremely hot temps

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35
Q

Psychrophiles

A

cold temperature lovers

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36
Q

Archaea absorb sunglight and this leads to

A

formation of energy ATP

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37
Q

Fungi characteristics

A

eukaryotic, multicellular or unicellular, with a chitin cell wall. Reproduce by releasing spores

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38
Q

Fungi characteristics

A

eukaryotic, multicellular or unicellular, with a chitin cell wall. Reproduce by releasing spores. They absorb energy through tubes called hypahe

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39
Q

Protozoa characteristics

A

unicellular, eukaryotic, cell wall made of cellulose and divided into their mode of locomotion

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40
Q

Flagellates

A

produce their own food and use their whip to propel forward

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41
Q

Ciliates

A

have tiny hair that beat to produce movement

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42
Q

Amoeboids

A

have false feet

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43
Q

Sporozoans

A

non motile

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44
Q

Algae characteristics

A

unicellular or multi eukaryotes, live in damp habitats

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45
Q

Viruses characteristics

A

noncellular entities that consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. Considered non living. Cannot reproduce outside of a host.

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46
Q

Helminths

A

nonliving, eukaryotic, parasitic worms, the eggs are what are considered microbes

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47
Q

Biodiversity

A

Biodiversity- The diversity (number and variety of species) of plant and animal life within a region

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48
Q

Biomass

A

Biomass- The total mass of a living things within a specific are or habitat.

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49
Q

Culturable

A

Culturable: Able to be cultured (grown in a suitable environment)

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50
Q

Microbio procedures must be

A

aseptic

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51
Q

Microbio procedures must be

A

aseptic

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52
Q

diffusion

A

from high concentration to low concentratioin

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53
Q

active transport

A

from low concentration to high concentration with energy input

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54
Q

Prokaryote characteristic

A

simple, unicellular organism that lacks an organized nucleus or other membrane bound organelle. Cell wall of a prokaryote act as an extra layer of protection and are very small that allows quick diffusion.

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55
Q

Nucleoid:

A

Nucleoid: The Irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is localized.

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56
Q

All cells share four common components:

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes

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57
Q

Plasma membrane:

A

Plasma membrane: an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment; determines what goes in and out

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58
Q

Cytoplasm:

A

Cytoplasm: a jelly like cytosol within the cell in which other cellular components are found

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59
Q

DNA:

A

DNA: the genetic material of the cell

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60
Q

Ribosomes:

A

Ribosomes: where protein synthesis occurs

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61
Q

As a cell grows it becomes less efficient due to

A

surface area to volume ratios

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62
Q

Receptor:

A

Receptor: A protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functions

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63
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Facilitated diffusion is a process by which molecules are transported across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins.
(type of passive transport)

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64
Q

Carrier proteins aid in facilitated diffusion by

A

binding a particular substance then altering their shape to bring that substance into or out of the cell.

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65
Q

Simple diffusion:

A

Simple diffusion: material pass through a membrane without the help of proteins, in facilitated transport, also called facilitated diffusion.

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66
Q

Simple diffusion:

A

Simple diffusion: material pass through a membrane without the help of proteins, in facilitated transport, also called facilitated diffusion.

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67
Q

Sodium Potassium pump

A

The sodium potassium pump moves K+ into the cell while moving Na+ at a ratio of three Na+ for every two K+ ions.

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68
Q

Passive transport goes from

A

high to low

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69
Q

Gated channels are usually associated with

A

electrical impulses such as nerve and muscle cells.

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70
Q

Electrogenic pump:

A

Electrogenic pump: An ion pump that generates a net charge flow as a result of its activity

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71
Q

Na+-K+ATPase:

A

Na+-K+ATPase: An enzyme located in the plasma membrane of all animal cells that pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells.

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72
Q

Binary Fission:

A

Binary Fission: The process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells.

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73
Q

Binary Fission:

A

Binary Fission: The process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells.

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74
Q

Gram Negative

A

Very thin gland of peptidoglycan

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75
Q

Gram Positive

A

very thick gland of peptidoglycan (attaches negative charge)

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76
Q

Effects of Endostin

A

blood clots, leaks into blood with alcohol

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77
Q

Endotoxin:

A

Endotoxin: Any toxin secreted by a microorganism and released into the surrounding environment only when it dies.

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78
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): Any of a large class of lipids conjugated with polysaccharides

79
Q

safranin gives the

A

red/pink color

80
Q

LPS is to and classified as a

A

endotoxin with a strong immune system

81
Q

Gram Stain:

A

Gram Stain: A method of differentiating bacterial species into large groups (gram positive and gram negative)

82
Q

Mycoplasma

A

lack a cell wall because they live off of host and have cholesterol outside its structure.

83
Q

Pink color means

A

negative

84
Q

Purple color means

A

positive

85
Q

Purple color means

A

positive

86
Q

Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of

A

nutrients, and usually occurs in gram positive bacteria

87
Q

Endospore:

A

Endospore: A dormant, tough, and non reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the firmicute phylum. Very difficult to destroy.

88
Q

CARDS

A

Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrom

89
Q

Hylaronic Acid

A

good for body

90
Q

Hylaronic Acid

A

good for body

91
Q

The purpose of the ribosome is to

A

translate messenger RNA into proteins with the aid of tRNA

92
Q

All prokaryotes have __ ribosomes

A

70s

93
Q

Eukaryotes contain larger than ___ ribosomes in their cytosol

A

80s

94
Q

Translation:

A

Translation: a process occurring in the ribosome, in which a strand of messenger RNA guides assembly of a sequence of amino acids to make a protein.

95
Q

Svedberg:

A

Svedberg: The Svedberg unit offers a measure of a particle size based on its rate of travel in a tube subjected to high g force.

96
Q

Svedberg:

A

Svedberg: The Svedberg unit offers a measure of a particle size based on its rate of travel in a tube subjected to high g force.

97
Q

The ribosome assemble amino acids into a

A

protein

98
Q

The ribosome assemble amino acids into a

A

protein

99
Q

Endospore Cycle

A

Vegetative cell- Developing spore coat- spore coat- free endospore

100
Q

Endospore Cycle

A

Vegetative cell- Developing spore coat- spore coat- free endospore

101
Q

Flagella

A

movement: embeded in membrane

102
Q

Monotrichous

A

Polar (1 single flagella)

103
Q

Lophotrichous

A

a bunch of flagella at one end

104
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagella all over

105
Q

Amphrichous

A

flagella at both ends

106
Q

iodine binds to

A

crystal violet

107
Q

Pilli

A

“bacteria sex” allows bacteria cells to get together

108
Q

conjugation

A

sharign

109
Q

Plasmids

A

circular pieces of dna w/ superpoers

110
Q

Nucleoid

A

Where DNA is found

111
Q

Nucleoid

A

Where DNA is found

112
Q

Selective toxicity

A

we look for things that are different

113
Q

Selective toxicity

A

we look for things that are different

114
Q

basic stain

A

stains cell

115
Q

acid stain

A

stains surroundings

116
Q

Macronutrients

A

needed in huge amounts

C H O N P S Na K

117
Q

Micronutrients

A

needed in small amounts

Cl Mg Ca Fe

118
Q

Organic Nutrients

A

C and H

119
Q

Inorganic nutrients

A

V complicated

120
Q

Autotrophs

A

can use Co2

121
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organic molecules

122
Q

Phototrophs

A

light energy source

123
Q

Chemotroph

A

Chemical energy source

124
Q

Microbial growth

A

bacteria growth is by dividing or reproducing

125
Q

Exponential growth

A

unrestricted

126
Q

Logarithmic

A

restricted

127
Q

Generation time

A

time required for bacteria cell to divide

128
Q

Lag phase

A

adjust to environment; makes new enzymes

129
Q

Exponential

A

rapid growth

130
Q

Stationary phase

A

depleted nutrients

131
Q

Stationary phase

A

depleted nutrients, accumulated wastes and dying cells

132
Q

Death phase

A

cells die faster than produced

133
Q

Phagocytic cells produce

A

toxic O2

134
Q

Superoxide radical

A

H2O2 +O2

135
Q

Hydroxyl radical

A

from ionizing radiation and from incomplete H2O reduction

136
Q

Throgycollate median

A

if it grows at top

137
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

65+ C temperature

138
Q

Thermophiles

A

40 to 70 C temp

139
Q

Mesophiles

A

10 to 50 C temp

140
Q

pH value

A

0 acidic

13 Base

141
Q

Acidophile

A

1 to 4.5 pH

142
Q

Neutrophile

A

5.5 to 8.5 pH

143
Q

Akaliphile

A

7.5 to 12 pH

144
Q

Akaliphile

A

7.5 to 12 pH

145
Q

Symbiosis: commensal

A

1 gets something out of it and 1 is unaffected

146
Q

Symbiosis: parasitic

A

1 gets v happy

1 gets harmed

147
Q

Symbiosis: mutualistic

A

both benefit

148
Q

Symbiosis: mutualistic

A

both benefit

149
Q

Quorum sensing

A

bacteria behave in a contain matter except when in big communities

150
Q

Endosphores

A

dormant form of bacteria in poor environments lives in single bacteria

151
Q

Sterilizations

A

kill all life forms

152
Q

Disinfection

A

substances applied to non living objects to destroy microbes

153
Q

Antiseptics

A

substances applied to living tissue or skin

154
Q

Antibiotics

A

Anti microbial substance genrally transported through lymphatic system to destroy microbes

155
Q

Sanitization

A

reduce # of targeted pathogenic organisms to acceptable levels

156
Q

Bactericidal

A

kill bacteria

157
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

slows bacteria growth

158
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

slows bacteria growth

159
Q

Highest dilution that prevents growth is

A

effective

160
Q

Thermal death point

A

lowest temp that kills all cells in 10 minutes

161
Q

Decimal Reduction time

A

how long it takes to kill 90% of cells

162
Q

Boiling

A

moist heat (which is more effective than dry heat)

163
Q

Autoclaving

A

true sterilization

164
Q

Pasteurization

A

moist heat to kill pathogens for ex in dairy products/juices.

165
Q

UHT Pasteurization

A

really high heat for a short period of time (1-3 secs)

166
Q

Dry Heat

A

longer period of time exposure (incineration)

167
Q

Refrigeration/Freezing

A

decreases metabolism, growth and reproduction (bacteriostatic)

168
Q

Dessication

A

drying (beef jerky)

169
Q

Dessication

A

drying (beef jerky)

170
Q

Lyophilization

A

freezing and drying

171
Q

Filtration

A

trying to get large solutes trapped in membranes liquid or air passed across membrane particles trapped in membrane

172
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

salt or sugar desiccates the cell (jam)

173
Q

Radiation

A

disrupts DNA structure

174
Q

Chemical methods

A

alcohols, halogens, enzymes

175
Q

Phenol

A

intermediate to low level disinfectants

176
Q

Bisphenolics 2 types

A

orthophenylphenol and Triclosan

177
Q

Alcohol

A

works better when diluted than straight; quickly evaporates and leaves no residue

178
Q

Halogens

A

intermediate level (iodine, chlorine)

179
Q

Oxidizing agents

A

good disinfective, bad antiseptic (peroxide)

180
Q

Ozone

A

used in drinking water, more effective than chlorine but expensive.

181
Q

Paracetic acid

A

effective for sparked used for food processing

182
Q

Thimerosal

A

vaccines

183
Q

Aldehydes

A

conservatives like sheep brain juice

184
Q

Gluteraldehyde

A

liquid

185
Q

Formaidehyde

A

gas

186
Q

Gasesous Agents

A

extremely dangerous since they can be explosive and poisonous used in cleaning hospital beds

187
Q

Gasesous Agents

A

extremely dangerous since they can be explosive and poisonous used in cleaning hospital beds

188
Q

Inorganic:

A

Inorganic: Relating to a compound that does not contain carbon

189
Q

Binary fission

A

Binary fission is the method by which prokaryotes produce new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent organism.

190
Q

Lag Phase:

A

Lag Phase: The period of bacterial growth in which bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions; the individuals bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide.

191
Q

Exponential

A

rapid growth, cells double

192
Q

Lag Phase:

A

Lag Phase: The period of bacterial growth in which bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions; the individuals bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide.

193
Q

Mesophile

A

loves normal temp

Bio 100 (37 decks)

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