Micro Bio exam 1 Flashcards
what are microbes
a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters, or multicellular relatively complex organism.
4 Categories of Bacteria
Category A (deadly) Category B (less deadly) Category C (not so bad) Genetically engineered
Who discovered microbiology
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Major types of microbes
Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, and Virsuses
Symbiotic
An organism in a partnership with another such that each profits from their being together
Ecosystem
Ecosystem: The Interconnectedness of plants, animals, and microbes with each other and their environment.
Pathogenic
Pathogenic: Able to cause harmful disease
Bacteria characteristics
prokaryote, unicellular, reproduction by binary fissure, may be motile by flagella, PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Cocci shape
round
Bacilli shape
rod shape
Spirilia shape
Spiral shape
Vibrio shape
Curved shape
Diplo meaning
2 or more
Strepto meaning
a chain
Straphalo meaning
a cluster
Tetrad meaning
4 cocci
Tetrad meaning
4 cocci
Biofilms
Microbial communities that are very difficult to destroy; are considered for diseases such as bacterial infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. They are a large threat because they resist methods used to control growth
Hygiene
best avoidance of infection; ex: sterilization
Microbes benefits and harms:
benefits in producing oxygen, decomposing organic material and providing nutrients for plants but can cause diseases.
Gram Stain
A method of differentiating bacterial species into large groups (positive or negative)
Peptidoglycan
a polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls
Aerobic
living in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic
living without oxygen
Facultative Anaerobes
can live in both environments
Autotrophs
make their own food by using the energy of sunlight or chemical reactions
Chemoautotrophs
if energy is obtained by chemical reaction
Heterotrophs
obtained energy by consuming other organisms
Saprophytes
bacteria that use decaying life forms as a source of energy
Saprophytes
bacteria that use decaying life forms as a source of energy
Archaea characteristics
unicellular, prokaryotic, AND NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Methanogens
methane producing organisms
Halophiles
archaeans that live in salty environments
Thermophiles
archaeans that live at extremely hot temps
Psychrophiles
cold temperature lovers
Archaea absorb sunglight and this leads to
formation of energy ATP
Fungi characteristics
eukaryotic, multicellular or unicellular, with a chitin cell wall. Reproduce by releasing spores
Fungi characteristics
eukaryotic, multicellular or unicellular, with a chitin cell wall. Reproduce by releasing spores. They absorb energy through tubes called hypahe
Protozoa characteristics
unicellular, eukaryotic, cell wall made of cellulose and divided into their mode of locomotion
Flagellates
produce their own food and use their whip to propel forward
Ciliates
have tiny hair that beat to produce movement
Amoeboids
have false feet
Sporozoans
non motile
Algae characteristics
unicellular or multi eukaryotes, live in damp habitats
Viruses characteristics
noncellular entities that consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. Considered non living. Cannot reproduce outside of a host.
Helminths
nonliving, eukaryotic, parasitic worms, the eggs are what are considered microbes
Biodiversity
Biodiversity- The diversity (number and variety of species) of plant and animal life within a region
Biomass
Biomass- The total mass of a living things within a specific are or habitat.
Culturable
Culturable: Able to be cultured (grown in a suitable environment)
Microbio procedures must be
aseptic
Microbio procedures must be
aseptic
diffusion
from high concentration to low concentratioin
active transport
from low concentration to high concentration with energy input
Prokaryote characteristic
simple, unicellular organism that lacks an organized nucleus or other membrane bound organelle. Cell wall of a prokaryote act as an extra layer of protection and are very small that allows quick diffusion.
Nucleoid:
Nucleoid: The Irregularly-shaped region within a prokaryote cell where the genetic material is localized.
All cells share four common components:
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes
Plasma membrane:
Plasma membrane: an outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment; determines what goes in and out
Cytoplasm:
Cytoplasm: a jelly like cytosol within the cell in which other cellular components are found
DNA:
DNA: the genetic material of the cell
Ribosomes:
Ribosomes: where protein synthesis occurs
As a cell grows it becomes less efficient due to
surface area to volume ratios
Receptor:
Receptor: A protein on a cell wall that binds with specific molecules so that they can be absorbed into the cell in order to control certain functions
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion is a process by which molecules are transported across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins.
(type of passive transport)
Carrier proteins aid in facilitated diffusion by
binding a particular substance then altering their shape to bring that substance into or out of the cell.
Simple diffusion:
Simple diffusion: material pass through a membrane without the help of proteins, in facilitated transport, also called facilitated diffusion.
Simple diffusion:
Simple diffusion: material pass through a membrane without the help of proteins, in facilitated transport, also called facilitated diffusion.
Sodium Potassium pump
The sodium potassium pump moves K+ into the cell while moving Na+ at a ratio of three Na+ for every two K+ ions.
Passive transport goes from
high to low
Gated channels are usually associated with
electrical impulses such as nerve and muscle cells.
Electrogenic pump:
Electrogenic pump: An ion pump that generates a net charge flow as a result of its activity
Na+-K+ATPase:
Na+-K+ATPase: An enzyme located in the plasma membrane of all animal cells that pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells.
Binary Fission:
Binary Fission: The process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells.
Binary Fission:
Binary Fission: The process whereby a cell divides asexually to produce two daughter cells.
Gram Negative
Very thin gland of peptidoglycan
Gram Positive
very thick gland of peptidoglycan (attaches negative charge)
Effects of Endostin
blood clots, leaks into blood with alcohol
Endotoxin:
Endotoxin: Any toxin secreted by a microorganism and released into the surrounding environment only when it dies.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): Any of a large class of lipids conjugated with polysaccharides
safranin gives the
red/pink color
LPS is to and classified as a
endotoxin with a strong immune system
Gram Stain:
Gram Stain: A method of differentiating bacterial species into large groups (gram positive and gram negative)
Mycoplasma
lack a cell wall because they live off of host and have cholesterol outside its structure.
Pink color means
negative
Purple color means
positive
Purple color means
positive
Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of
nutrients, and usually occurs in gram positive bacteria
Endospore:
Endospore: A dormant, tough, and non reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the firmicute phylum. Very difficult to destroy.
CARDS
Community Acquired Respiratory Distress Syndrom
Hylaronic Acid
good for body
Hylaronic Acid
good for body
The purpose of the ribosome is to
translate messenger RNA into proteins with the aid of tRNA
All prokaryotes have __ ribosomes
70s
Eukaryotes contain larger than ___ ribosomes in their cytosol
80s
Translation:
Translation: a process occurring in the ribosome, in which a strand of messenger RNA guides assembly of a sequence of amino acids to make a protein.
Svedberg:
Svedberg: The Svedberg unit offers a measure of a particle size based on its rate of travel in a tube subjected to high g force.
Svedberg:
Svedberg: The Svedberg unit offers a measure of a particle size based on its rate of travel in a tube subjected to high g force.
The ribosome assemble amino acids into a
protein
The ribosome assemble amino acids into a
protein
Endospore Cycle
Vegetative cell- Developing spore coat- spore coat- free endospore
Endospore Cycle
Vegetative cell- Developing spore coat- spore coat- free endospore
Flagella
movement: embeded in membrane
Monotrichous
Polar (1 single flagella)
Lophotrichous
a bunch of flagella at one end
Peritrichous
flagella all over
Amphrichous
flagella at both ends
iodine binds to
crystal violet
Pilli
“bacteria sex” allows bacteria cells to get together
conjugation
sharign
Plasmids
circular pieces of dna w/ superpoers
Nucleoid
Where DNA is found
Nucleoid
Where DNA is found
Selective toxicity
we look for things that are different
Selective toxicity
we look for things that are different
basic stain
stains cell
acid stain
stains surroundings
Macronutrients
needed in huge amounts
C H O N P S Na K
Micronutrients
needed in small amounts
Cl Mg Ca Fe
Organic Nutrients
C and H
Inorganic nutrients
V complicated
Autotrophs
can use Co2
Heterotrophs
Organic molecules
Phototrophs
light energy source
Chemotroph
Chemical energy source
Microbial growth
bacteria growth is by dividing or reproducing
Exponential growth
unrestricted
Logarithmic
restricted
Generation time
time required for bacteria cell to divide
Lag phase
adjust to environment; makes new enzymes
Exponential
rapid growth
Stationary phase
depleted nutrients
Stationary phase
depleted nutrients, accumulated wastes and dying cells
Death phase
cells die faster than produced
Phagocytic cells produce
toxic O2
Superoxide radical
H2O2 +O2
Hydroxyl radical
from ionizing radiation and from incomplete H2O reduction
Throgycollate median
if it grows at top
Hyperthermophiles
65+ C temperature
Thermophiles
40 to 70 C temp
Mesophiles
10 to 50 C temp
pH value
0 acidic
13 Base
Acidophile
1 to 4.5 pH
Neutrophile
5.5 to 8.5 pH
Akaliphile
7.5 to 12 pH
Akaliphile
7.5 to 12 pH
Symbiosis: commensal
1 gets something out of it and 1 is unaffected
Symbiosis: parasitic
1 gets v happy
1 gets harmed
Symbiosis: mutualistic
both benefit
Symbiosis: mutualistic
both benefit
Quorum sensing
bacteria behave in a contain matter except when in big communities
Endosphores
dormant form of bacteria in poor environments lives in single bacteria
Sterilizations
kill all life forms
Disinfection
substances applied to non living objects to destroy microbes
Antiseptics
substances applied to living tissue or skin
Antibiotics
Anti microbial substance genrally transported through lymphatic system to destroy microbes
Sanitization
reduce # of targeted pathogenic organisms to acceptable levels
Bactericidal
kill bacteria
Bacteriostatic
slows bacteria growth
Bacteriostatic
slows bacteria growth
Highest dilution that prevents growth is
effective
Thermal death point
lowest temp that kills all cells in 10 minutes
Decimal Reduction time
how long it takes to kill 90% of cells
Boiling
moist heat (which is more effective than dry heat)
Autoclaving
true sterilization
Pasteurization
moist heat to kill pathogens for ex in dairy products/juices.
UHT Pasteurization
really high heat for a short period of time (1-3 secs)
Dry Heat
longer period of time exposure (incineration)
Refrigeration/Freezing
decreases metabolism, growth and reproduction (bacteriostatic)
Dessication
drying (beef jerky)
Dessication
drying (beef jerky)
Lyophilization
freezing and drying
Filtration
trying to get large solutes trapped in membranes liquid or air passed across membrane particles trapped in membrane
Osmotic pressure
salt or sugar desiccates the cell (jam)
Radiation
disrupts DNA structure
Chemical methods
alcohols, halogens, enzymes
Phenol
intermediate to low level disinfectants
Bisphenolics 2 types
orthophenylphenol and Triclosan
Alcohol
works better when diluted than straight; quickly evaporates and leaves no residue
Halogens
intermediate level (iodine, chlorine)
Oxidizing agents
good disinfective, bad antiseptic (peroxide)
Ozone
used in drinking water, more effective than chlorine but expensive.
Paracetic acid
effective for sparked used for food processing
Thimerosal
vaccines
Aldehydes
conservatives like sheep brain juice
Gluteraldehyde
liquid
Formaidehyde
gas
Gasesous Agents
extremely dangerous since they can be explosive and poisonous used in cleaning hospital beds
Gasesous Agents
extremely dangerous since they can be explosive and poisonous used in cleaning hospital beds
Inorganic:
Inorganic: Relating to a compound that does not contain carbon
Binary fission
Binary fission is the method by which prokaryotes produce new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent organism.
Lag Phase:
Lag Phase: The period of bacterial growth in which bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions; the individuals bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide.
Exponential
rapid growth, cells double
Lag Phase:
Lag Phase: The period of bacterial growth in which bacteria adapt themselves to growth conditions; the individuals bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide.
Mesophile
loves normal temp
