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Bio 100 > Lecture Notes exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Notes exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

offspring arise from two parents and a mixture of genes are inherited from both, offsprings will have better chance of survival of effects of mutations

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2
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

produces genetically identical copies of a single parent (clones)

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3
Q

Mitosis

A

somatic cells, purpose of growth, repair and replace, diploid to diploid

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4
Q

Meiosis

A

division of specialized cells that form reproductive cells known as gametes. A diploid cell into 4 haploid gametes. Nuclear division, halves chromosome number

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5
Q

2 Haploid Gametes fuse to produce

A

zygote

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6
Q

Zygotes are

A

diploid 2n

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7
Q

Gametes do not__, they ___

A

divide, produced by germ cells by meiosis

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8
Q

How many chromosomes in human somatic cell and how many pairs

A

46;23

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9
Q

Mitosis ___ chromosome number. Meiosis ___ chromosome number

A

maintain; reduce.

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10
Q

Haploid

A

single set of chromosome (n)

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11
Q

Diploid

A

double set of Chromosome (2n)

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12
Q

Genes

A

regions in an oragnism’s DNA that encode information about heritable traits. Pairs on homologous chromosomes.

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13
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same gene.

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14
Q

DNA is replicated

A

Once

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15
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Diploid germ cell replicated its chromosome and form tetrad (pairs of duplicated homologous chromosomes); each duplicated homologous chromosome is separated from its partner

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16
Q

Meiosis II

A

two haploid cells cells divide, sister chromatids are separated (like in mitosis)

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17
Q

Stages of Meiosis I

A

Prophase: homologous chromosomes condense, pair up, and swap segments. Aka crossover stage
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up
Anaphase: Chromosomes separate
Telophase: A new nuclear envelope cause so two haploid nuclei form.

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18
Q

Stages of Meiosis II

A

Prophase II: the chromosomes condenses with no dna replication
Metaphase II: chromosomes align
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate
Telophase II: 4 haploid cells

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19
Q

Crossover

A

happens in proffer I, helps with genetic variability. mixture of both parents.

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20
Q

random assortment produces

A

2^23 possible combinations of homologous chromosome

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21
Q

Sporophytes

A

Diploid bodies with specialized structures that form spores (haploid cells) that give rise to gametophytes through mitosis

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22
Q

Gametophytes

A

A multi-celled haploid body inside which on ore more gametes form

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23
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of two haploid gametes (sperm and egg) resulting in a diploid zygote

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24
Q

Genes occur in pairs of

A

homologous chromosomes

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25
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Breeding garden pea plants

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26
Q

Characters

A

heritable features that vary among individuals

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27
Q

Traits

A

variants for a character

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28
Q

Genes

A

Discrete heritable units of information for traits

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29
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative forms of a gene

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30
Q

Each gene has a specific ___on a chromosome

A

locus

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31
Q

How many chromosomes do diploid cells have

A

2 pairs of homologous chromosomes

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32
Q

Genotype

A

Particular set of allies that an individual carries

Bb, BB, bb

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33
Q

Homozygous

A

Two identical alleles of a gene is homozygous for that gene

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34
Q

Heterozygous

A

An individual with non-identical alleles of a gene

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35
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable traits such as color

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36
Q

Mutated genes are

A

new alleles whether or not it affects a phenotype

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37
Q

True breeding

A

individual that is homozygous for a particular trait; the same trait is produced over many generations. AA or aa

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38
Q

Hybrid

A

the heterozygote offspring of a cross between two individuals that breed true for different forms of a trait. Aa

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39
Q

Dominant and Recessive Alleles

A

Dominant is shown in a heterozygote phenotype and recessive is not

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40
Q

Genotypes of :
Homozygous dominant
Heterozygous
Homozygous recessive

A

AA; Aa; aa and they only have 2 phenotypes

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41
Q

Probability

A

A measure of the chance that a particular outcome will occur

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42
Q

Punnett square

A

a grid used to calculate the probability of genotypes and phenotypes among offspring of various crosses

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43
Q

Testcross

A

method of determine if an individual is heterozygous or homozygous dominant (BB x bb)

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44
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

between two individuals that are heterozygous for a certain character. crossing of two true-breeding individuals resulting in heterozygote offspring and they are hybrids which are represented in the first filial generation. Then those hybrids are crossed with each other to produce the second filial generation

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45
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

Differing traits in organisms result from pairs of genetic factors that separate during gamete formation such that each gamete receives only one of the two factors.

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46
Q

Dihybrid

A

16 results of genotypes, and phenotype ratio is 9:3:3:1

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47
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

during gamete formation, members of one pair of ‘genetic factors’ are distributed into gametes independently of other pair

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48
Q

Law of Segregation Modern

A

Different traits are the result of the separation of pairs of alleles on homologous chromosomes into discrete gametes during meiosis

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49
Q

Law of Independent Assortment Modern

A

Each pair of alleles is sorted into gametes independently of other pairs during meiosis; we now know that this law applies when the genes are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes

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50
Q

Linkage group

A

all genes on one chromosome

genes are passed on together

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51
Q

Linked genes

A

very close together; crossing over rarely occurs between them

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52
Q

Codominance

A

two non-identical alleles of a gene are both fully expressed in heterozygotes, so neither is dominant or recessive

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53
Q

Multiple Allele System

A

genes with three or more alleles in a population

ex. blood types

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54
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

one allele is not fully dominant over its partner, and the heterozygous offspring is a mix

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55
Q

Epistasis

A

Two or more gene products influence a trait, one gene product suppresses the effect of another (dog color)

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56
Q

Bell Curve

A

When continuous phenotypes are divided into categories and plotted as a bar chart.

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57
Q

genotype + environment=

A

phenotype

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58
Q

Are phenotypes qualitative

A

yes

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59
Q

Mendelian Genetics

A

Characters are controlled by a single gene
Alleles exhibit a complete dominance relationship
Phenotypes are qualitative

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60
Q

Pleiotropy

A

Single gene affecting many traits

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61
Q

Epigenetics

A

heritable changes NOT caused by change in DNA sequence

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62
Q

Genetic abnormalities

A

rare version of trait, not life-threateneing

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63
Q

Genetic disorder

A

does cause health problems, may be life threatening

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64
Q

Geneticists

A

study inheritance pattern in humans by tracking these genetic abnormalities and disorders through families

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65
Q

Pedigree

A

used to determine the probability that future offspring will be affected by a genetic abnormality or disorder

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66
Q

An allele is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern if

A

if the trait it specifies appears in people with homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes

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67
Q

An allele is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern if

A

if the trait it specifies appears only in people with homozygous recessive genotypes

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68
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Homozygous dominant individuals do not survive long enough to reproduce

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69
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Symptoms often do not develop until after 30 years of age

An affected individual may have already passed on the allele to offspring

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70
Q

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria

A

Most individuals with this disease do not survive long enough to reproduce

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71
Q

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

A

Skips generations, two recessive alleles, so heterozygotes do not have trait.

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72
Q

Albinism

A

Depending on which gene(s) are affected, absence or low levels of melanin may affect pigmentation of skin, hair, eyes

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73
Q

Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes pairs

A

22 pairs of autosomes(homologous) and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (non-homologs)

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74
Q

X-linked Disorders

A

inherit in a recessive pattern because dominant X chromosomes tend to be lethal in male embryos, only homozygous females have this disorder.
an ex. is color blindness

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75
Q

all new alleles arise by

A

mutation

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76
Q

duplication

A

DNA sequence that are repeated two or more times, duplication may be caused by unequal crossover in prophase

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77
Q

Deletion

A

Loss of some portion of a chromosome, usually causes serious or lethal disorders

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78
Q

Inversion

A

Part of the sequence of DNA becomes oriented in the reverse direction with no molecular loss

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79
Q

Translocation

A

If chromosome breaks, the broken part may get attached to a different chromosome, or to a different part of the same one.

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80
Q

Polyploid

A

they have three or more complete sets of chromosomes

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81
Q

Trisomy 21

A

down syndrome

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82
Q

Karyotype

A

arrangement of chromosome in pairs 23

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83
Q

Changes in sex chromosome number may

A

impair learning or motor skills or be undetected

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84
Q

Stem Cells

A

divide to produce more stem cells
OR
differentiate into specialized cells

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85
Q

Totipotent

A

embryonic stem cells develop into a individual

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86
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs)

A

hold the potential to repair tissues that are normally not regenerated in the adult body

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87
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Connects cells, tights junctions (prevent fluid movement between cells), gap junctions(channel connects cytoplasm between cells) and adhering junctions(connect cels together)

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88
Q

Hierarchical Level

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organism
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89
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces and lines the internal cavities such as the gut

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90
Q

connective tissue

A

holds body parts together and provides structural support

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91
Q

Muscle tissue

A

moves the body or its parts

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92
Q

Nervous tissue

A

detects stimuli and relays signals

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93
Q

extracellular fluid

A

surrounds cells, provides them with nutrients, and collects cellular waste

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94
Q

Plasma

A

fluid portion of blood

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95
Q

Generation evolution genes

A

genes that will best help an individual survive and reproduce in their environment are preferentially passed on

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96
Q

Diffusion is only efficient through

A

short distances

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97
Q

Evolution modifies

A

existing structures

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98
Q

Epithelium (epithelial tissue)

A

A sheet of cells that covers the body’s outer surface and lines internal ducts and cavities

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99
Q

Basement membrane

A

A layer of ECM (extracellular matrix) that is synthesized and secreted by the cells themselves

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100
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

lines blood vessels, the heart, and air sacs of lungs. allows substances to cross by diffusion

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101
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

lines kidney tubules, ducts of some glands, reproductive tract. Functions in absorption and secretion, movement of materials

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102
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

lines some airways, part of the gut. Functions in absorption and secretion, protection.

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103
Q

Cells that move substances across the surface of an epithelium have___

A

cilia

104
Q

Glands are derived from_____. What does it do?

A

Epithelium. Secrete products destined for extracellular function

105
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

ducts; external such as tears and internal such as enzymes to small intestine

106
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

no ducts; cell products are released by interstitial fluid picked up by blood vessels for delivery to target hormones

107
Q

Connective tissues

A

consist of cells and the extracellular matrix that is synthesized and secreted by these cells.
Connects body parts and provides structural and functional support.
Cartilage, bone, tissue and blood

108
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

fibroblasts secrete ECM consisting of complex carbohydrates and protein fibers dispersed widely through the matrix

109
Q

Dense Connective tissue

A

w/ dense collagen fibers. Ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (muscle to bone)

110
Q

cartilage

A

rubbery extracellular matrix, supports and cushions bones

111
Q

adipose tissue

A

fat filled cells, stores energy, cushions and protect organs

112
Q

Bone

A

rigid support, muscle attachment, protection , mineral storage, blood production

113
Q

blood

A

connective tissue because its cells and platelets descend from stem cells in bone

114
Q

ATP provides energy that fuels muscle ____

A

contractions

115
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

moves the skeleton (voluntary)

long, started cells with many nuclei

116
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A 
heart muscle (involuntary)
striated cells with single nuclei
117
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

In walls of hollow organs (involuntary), no striations, single nuclei

118
Q

nervous tissue

A

detects changes in the internal or external environment, integrates info, and controls the activity of muscle and glands

119
Q

Nervous tissue consist of specialized

A

signal cells (neurons) and cells that support them (neuroglial cells)

120
Q

Neurons

A

excitable cells with long cytoplasmic extensions; they send an receive electrochemical signals

121
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons which relay command from brain and spinal cord to muscle and glands

122
Q

Neuroglia (neuroglial cells)

A

keep neurons in position and provide them with nutrients. They wrap around single sending cytoplasmic extensions of motor neurons and act as insulation that speeds the rate at which signals travel

123
Q

integumentary system

A

protects body from pathogens, injuries; controls temp, excretes certain waste

124
Q

Nervous system

A

detects external and internal stimuli; controls and coordinates the responses to stimuli. Integrates organ system.

125
Q

Muscular system

A

moves body and is internal parts; maintains posture; generates heat by increases in metabolic activity

126
Q

skeletal system

A

supports and protects body parts; provides muscle attachment sites; produces red blood cells; stores calcium, phosphorus

127
Q

Circulatory system

A

rapidly transports many materials to and from interstitial fluid and cells; helps stabilize internal pH and temperature

128
Q

Endocrine system

A

Hormonally controls body functions

129
Q

Lymphatic system

A

collects and returns some tissue fluid to the bloodstream; defends the body against infection and tissue damage

130
Q

Digestive system

A

Ingests food and water; mechanically, chemically breaks down food and absorbs small molecules into internal environment; eliminates food residues

131
Q

urinary system

A

maintains volume and composition of internal environment; excretes excess fluid and waste

132
Q

reproductive system

A

females: produce eggs
Male: Transfer sperm to female

133
Q

integumentary system

A

consists of skin, connective and adipose tissue. Skin helps conserve water. Helps control internal temperature

134
Q

Outer epidermis vs deeper dermis

A

outer contains keratinocytes and inner contains nerves, blood and lymph vessels, hair follicles and glands

135
Q

epidermis

A

a stratified squamous epithelium with adhering junction and no extracellular matrix

136
Q

dermis

A

consists primarily of dense connective tissue with elastin and collagen fibers.
ex. blood vessels, lymph vessels, sensory receptors, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles

137
Q

sensory receptor

A

a structure that detects a specific stimulus and sends sensory information to the brain

138
Q

Negative feedback

A

process in which a change causes a response that reverses the change
ex. when you get hot you sweat
stimulus–sensory receptors–brain–muscle/gland–response

139
Q

urinary system

A

filters water, metabolic wastes and toxins out of the blood, and reclaims water

140
Q

kidneys

A

paired, excretory organs that filter blood and adjust level of solutes

141
Q

marine body fish

A

hypotonic to its environment

142
Q

freshwater fish

A

hypertonic to its environment

143
Q

kidneys filter blood and form

A

urine

144
Q

tight junctions

A

prevent fluid movement between cells

145
Q

adhering junction

A

connects cells together

146
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid in spaces between cells

147
Q

coelom

A

human are bilateral and have a lined body cavity

148
Q

Urine flows through ___ into a ____ that stores it

A

ureters; bladder

149
Q

Urine flows out the body through the _____

A

urethra

150
Q

nephron

A

browman’s capsule
proximal tube
loop of henle (water out, sodium in)
distal tubule (water, sodium out)

151
Q

blood is delivered to a cluster of _____ inside a bowman’s capsule; fluid is ___ ___ of the blood vessels and filtered

A

capillaries (glomerulus); forced out

152
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

first step in urine formation; occurs in Bowman’s capsule

153
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

returns most water and solutes to the blood

154
Q

Renal Medulla

A

fliters in kidneys

155
Q

Tubular secretion

A

movement of un-needed substances from the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate (to excrete as urine); occurs along nephron’s tubules

156
Q

Concentrating Urine

A

flows down loop of Henle

157
Q

Hypothalamus and Thirst

A

Hypo notifies you when you are thirsty by a hormone

158
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

released by the pituitary when sodium level rise.

159
Q

Aldosterone

A

released by the adrenal cortex, increase salt reabsorption in collection ducts; water follows by osmosis; urine is concentrated

160
Q

Renin

A

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, converted to angiotensin II, which acts on the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
sits on top of kidney
leads to aldosterone

161
Q

reabsorption

A

returns most water and solute to blood

162
Q

secretion

A

unneeded stuff released

163
Q

Normal pH extracellular fluid

A

7.35-7.45

164
Q

buffer system

A

minimizes pH changes by reversibly binding and releasing H+

165
Q

Kidneys adjust blood pH by ___

A

H+ secretion; excess H+ leaves the body in urine. only organ that can release hydrogen ion

166
Q

Ectotherms

A

body temp changes with environment, regulating by altering position, not metabolism (fish, amphibians and reptiles)

167
Q

Endotherms

A

body temp maintained by metabolic heat (birds and mammals)

168
Q

Heterotherms

A

can maintain or decrease core temp (some birds and mammals)

169
Q

Change in body heat =

A

heat produced+heat gained -heat lost

170
Q

Thermal radiation

A

heat is emitted into space surrounding an object

171
Q

Conduction

A

heat is transferred by direct contact

172
Q

convection

A

heat is transferred by movement of air or water by a breeze

173
Q

evaporation

A

heat is lost when liquid is converted to a gas, sweat.

174
Q

Hypothalamus functions like thermostat to______

A

maintain core temp via neg feedback

175
Q

Fever

A

an increase in body temp regulated by hypothalamus, in response to infection

176
Q

Torpor

A

a period of decreased metabolic rate and activity in response to low food availability

177
Q

Hibernation

A

a period of dormancy during the cold season where animal is inactive

178
Q

Estivation

A

desert lizards become dormant, spent season burrow deep in soil

179
Q

sensory neurons

A

detect stimuli and signal interneurons or motor neurons

Have an axon with one end that responds to stimuli

180
Q

interneurons

A

process information from sensory neurons and send signals to motor neurons
many dendrites and one axon

181
Q

motor neurons

A

control muscle and glands

signals to motor neurons many dendrites and one axon

182
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

183
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

nerves from the CNS to the rest of the body and from the body to CNS
autonomic nerves and somatic nerves control different organs of the body

184
Q

Nerve

A

consists of nerve fibers bundled inside a sheath of connective tissue

185
Q

autonomic nerves

A

regulative body’s internal state; glands, cardiac muscle…

186
Q

Somatic nerves

A

monitor body’s position and external conditions; they control skeletal muscle

187
Q

Dendrites

A

receive info from other cells

188
Q

Axons

A

send chemical signals to other cells

189
Q

Mylein sheath

A

helps move neuron move faster

190
Q

Voltage gate

A

postive feedback and allows more sodium to open

191
Q

Membrane potential

A

negatively charged proteins and active transport of Na+ and K

192
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

an unstimulated neuron. sodium is concentrated higher outside of the cell and potassium is higher inside cell

193
Q

Action Potential

A

travels along axon to terminal

194
Q

Graded potential

A

slight shift in the voltage difference across the neuron’s membrane

195
Q

threshold potential

A

when stimulus in neuron’s trigger zone reaches, sodium channels open

196
Q

Once threshold level is reached

A

membrane potential always rises to the same level as action potential peak (all or nothing response)

197
Q

Outward diffusion of K+

A

causes membrane potential to decline to a bit below its resting value in a small area

198
Q

Action potential is

A

self propagating- sodium ions diffuse to the adjoining region of the axon, triggering sodium gates one after another

199
Q

Action can only move

A

one way, toward axon terminals- a brief refractory period after sodium gates close prevents the signal from moving backwards

200
Q

Neuron’s membrane potential over time:

A

resting level–threshold level–peak is action potential

201
Q

Synapse

A

is the region where an axon terminal send chemical signal to a neuron, muscle fiver or gland cell (postsynaptic cel)

202
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

the synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

203
Q

Chemical synapse

A

action potential trigger release of signaling molecules (neurotransmitters) from axon terminals

204
Q

Release of neurotransmitters from vesicles of the presynaptic neuron requires ____

A

Calcium ions

205
Q

Myelin sheath

A

increases the transmission speed of action potential

wraps around neuron

206
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

conducts information about the environment to the central nervous system (involuntary)
controls skeletal muscles (voluntary)

207
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

conducts signals to and from internal organs glands

208
Q

Sympathetic neurons

A

active in stress or danger (fight or flight response)

209
Q

Parasympathetic neurons

A

active in time of relaxation

210
Q

Spinal cord

A

connects peripheral nerves with the brain

211
Q

Central nervous system are made of

A

brain and spinal cord

212
Q

Meninges

A

three membranes that cover CNS

213
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

fills central canal

214
Q

Dorsal roots

A

sensory info

215
Q

Ventral roots

A

motor signals

216
Q

Reflex

A

automatic response to a stimulus, a movement or other action that does not require thought

217
Q

Organizations of brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.

218
Q

Weight of human brain

A

3 pounds or 1240 grams

219
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

connects the spinal cord

220
Q

Pons

A

adjoins the medulla, it affects breathing and has connections to midbrain

221
Q

Cerebellum

A

balance, motor skills and language

222
Q

Brain stem

A

reflex behaviors

223
Q

Cerebrum

A

main processing center. thought and language.

224
Q

Corpus callosum

A

signals two hemispheres of cerebrum

225
Q

Thalamus

A

receives sensory signals, sorts them and sends them to proper region of the cerebral cortex

226
Q

Hypothalamus

A

center of homeostatic control of internal environment. Regulates thirst, appetite, sex and temp

227
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

outermost gray matter, controls voluntary activity, sensory perception, abstract thought, language and speech

228
Q

4 lobes of brain

A

frontal, temporal, occipital and parietal

229
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

controls skeletal muscles

230
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

front of the parietal lobe receives sensory input form the skin and joints

231
Q

limbic system

A

governs emotion, memory and and gratifying behaviors.

includes: hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus

232
Q

emotional state influences

A

long term memory

233
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

act as framework that holds neurons in place

234
Q

Action Potential speed

A

120 m/s vs 10m/s for non myelinated nerves

235
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

make myelin sheaths

236
Q

microglia

A

have immune sytem functions

237
Q

astrocytes

A

stimulate formation of the blood brain barrier

238
Q

ependymal cells

A

line brain cavities

239
Q

Hormones

A

internal secretions carried by the blood that influence the activities of specific body organs

240
Q

Hormone action

A

signal is transduce (charged into a form that affects target cell behavior

241
Q

hypothalamus is the main center for control of

A

the internal environment – it connects structurally and functionally with the pituitary gland

242
Q

pituitary gland

A

The posterior lobe secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus
The anterior lobe makes its own hormones

243
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

affects certain kidney cells

Manufactured by hypothalamus, stored and released by posterior pituitary gland. Controls water

244
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

triggers muscle contractions during childbirth

245
Q

Releasing hormones

A

encourage secretion of hormones by target cells

246
Q

Inhibiting hormones

A

reduce secretion of hormones by target cells

247
Q

anterior pituitary produces hormones of its own:

A

Growth hormone (GH)Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH

248
Q

Acromegaly

A

bones getting bigger as you age

249
Q

The thyroid gland

A

located at the base of the neck, regulates metabolic rate

250
Q

Parathryoids

A

regulate calcium levels

Needed for bone

251
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secretes steroid hormones and small amounts of sex hormones

252
Q

cortisol

A

affects metabolism and the stress response

253
Q

adrenal medulla

A

contains specialized neurons of the sympathetic division that release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which stimulate the fight-flight response

254
Q

Ovaries produce

A

estrogens and progesterone

255
Q

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary control secretion of

A

sex hormones by gonads

256
Q

The hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

which causes the anterior pituitary to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH

Bio 100 (37 decks)

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