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Bio 100 > Metabolism and Energy > Flashcards

Metabolism and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

capacity to do work

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2
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

energy does not appear out of no wear and it does not vanish

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3
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

entropy increases spontaneously

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4
Q

Cell Store and retrieve energy

A

in chemical bonds of molecules

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5
Q

Reaction

A

the process by which such chemical change occurs

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6
Q

Reactants

A

molecules that enter a reaction

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7
Q

Products

A

molecules that remain at the reaction’s end

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8
Q

Free energy

A

amount of energy that is available to do work

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9
Q

endergonic

A

energy in

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10
Q

exergonic

A

energy out

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11
Q

ATP

A

energy carrier, accepts and release exergonic reactions and delivers endergonic reactions

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12
Q

ATP has ___ phosphates

A

3

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13
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Phosphate group transfer

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14
Q

ATP/ADP cycle

A

cycle of using and replenishing ATP

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15
Q

Enzymens

A

make specify reactions occur much faster than they would on their own

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16
Q

Active sites

A

polypeptide chains of enzymes are folded into one more active sites, pockets where substrates bind and where reactions proceed

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17
Q

Transition state

A

when substate bonds reach their breaking point and the reaction will run spontaneously to product

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18
Q

Closer molecules are together

A

more likely they will react

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19
Q

Cofactors

A

atoms or molecules that associate with enzymes and are necessary for their function

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20
Q

Coenzymes

A

vitamins

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21
Q

Antioxidant

A

neutralizes free radicals

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22
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

any series of enzyme mediated reactions by which a cell builds, rearranges, or breaks down an organic substance

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23
Q

allosteric

A

region of an enzyme other than the active site that can bind regulatory molecules

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24
Q

Feedback Inhibitions

A

the end product of a series of enzymatic reactions inhibits the first enzyme in the series

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25
Q

Oxidation reduction reactions

A

the only way cells can capture energy from glucose is to break down the molecules in small, manageable steps.

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26
Q

Electron transfer chain

A

an organized series of reaction steps in which membrane bound arrays of enzymes and other molecules give up and accept electrons in turn

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27
Q

Wavelengths

A

the distance between the crests of two successive waves of light

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28
Q

Photosynthesis

A

harness of energy of light to build organic molecules from inorganic raw material

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29
Q

Pigment

A

organic molecule that absorbs light of specific wavelengths

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30
Q

Chlorophyll

A

most common photosynthesis pigment in plant. makes plants green

31
Q

Chloroplast

A

specializes in photosynthesis in plant and many protists

32
Q

Stroma

A

plant chloroplasts have two outer membranes and filled with a semifluid matrix

33
Q

Thylakoid Membrane

A

form stacks of disks that are connected by channels. light harvester

34
Q

Photosystem

A

groups of hundreds of pigments and other molecules that work as a unit to begin the reactions of photosystems

35
Q

Light dependent reactions

A

the energy of light gets converted to the chemical bond energy of ATP

36
Q

NADP+

A

accepts electons and hydrogen ions

37
Q

light independent reactions

A

runs on energy delivered but the ATP and NADPH formed in the first stage. second stage of photosynthesis

38
Q

Reactions of the firs stage of photosynthesis

A

convert the energy of light to the energy of chemical bonds

39
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

any light driven reaction that attaches phosphate to a molecule

40
Q

Calcin Benson cycle

A

builds sugars in the stroma of chloroplasts. They are light independent, they run bond energy of ATP

41
Q

carbon fixation

A

extracting carbon atoms from an inorganic source and incorporating them into an organic molecule

42
Q

Rubisco

A

fixes carbon by attaching CO2 to five carbon

43
Q

six carbon

A

unstable

44
Q

Plants use glucose

A

to make light independent reactions for other molecules

45
Q

C3 plants

A

plants that use only the calvin benson cycle to fix carbon. sugar plants

46
Q

stomata

A

small openings across the epidermal surfaces of leaves and green stems
opens CO2 and O2 out

47
Q

photorespiration

A

At high O2 levels, rubisco attaches oxygen to RuBP in a pathway

48
Q

C4 plants

A

Plants that use the additional reactions also close stomata on dry days, but their sugar production does not decline. ex. corn. dry plants

49
Q

CAM plants

A

have an alternative carbon fixing pathway that allows them to conserve water even in regions where the daytime temperatures can be extremely high.

50
Q

Autotrophs

A

Self nourishing organisms, harvest energy directly from environment.

51
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Most bacteria, animals, protists, fungi. Get energy and carbon from organic molecules that have already been assembled by other organisms.

52
Q

Photoautotroph

A

make sugars from carbon dioxide and water using the energy of sunlight

53
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

extract energy and carbon from simple molecules in the environment

54
Q

Aerobic

A

use oxygen

55
Q

anaerobic

A

occur in the absence of oxygen

56
Q

aerobic respirations

A

main pathway by which cells harvest energy from organic molecules

57
Q

glycolysis

A

convert one six carbon molecule of glucose into pyruvate

58
Q

pyruvate

A

molecule with a three carbon backbone

59
Q

Substrate level phosphorylations

A

direct transfers of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

60
Q

Krebs cycle

A

breaks down the pyruvate products of glycolysis

61
Q

Electron Transfer Phosphorylation

A

third stage of aerobic reparation, occurs inside mitchocondria, flow of electrons through mitochondrial electron transfer chains ultimately results in the attachment of phosphate to ADP

62
Q

Lactate fermentation

A

electrons and hydrogen ions are transferred from NADH directly to pyruvate

63
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Pyruvate becomes converted to ethyl alcohol. product is ethanol.

64
Q

Energy inputs drive organization of molecules into units called

A

cells

65
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of electrons

66
Q

Reduction

A

gain of electrons

67
Q

Photosystem II

A

releases energy

68
Q

Pholoysis

A

split water by energy, oxygen is a byproduct

69
Q

Noncyclic photosynthesis

A

photsystem I works in this

70
Q

non cyclic

A

results in oxygen

71
Q

C02 —Photosynthesis–glucose then

A

O2—–H2O

72
Q

Glycolysis

A

converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of ATP

73
Q

1 glucose molecule has ___ ATP

A

36
glycolysis, acetyl, and krebs cycle: 2
electron transfer: 36

Bio 100 (37 decks)

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