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Bio 100 > Metabolism and Energy > Flashcards

Metabolism and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

capacity to do work

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2
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

energy does not appear out of no wear and it does not vanish

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3
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

entropy increases spontaneously

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4
Q

Cell Store and retrieve energy

A

in chemical bonds of molecules

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5
Q

Reaction

A

the process by which such chemical change occurs

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6
Q

Reactants

A

molecules that enter a reaction

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7
Q

Products

A

molecules that remain at the reaction’s end

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8
Q

Free energy

A

amount of energy that is available to do work

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9
Q

endergonic

A

energy in

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10
Q

exergonic

A

energy out

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11
Q

ATP

A

energy carrier, accepts and release exergonic reactions and delivers endergonic reactions

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12
Q

ATP has ___ phosphates

A

3

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13
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Phosphate group transfer

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14
Q

ATP/ADP cycle

A

cycle of using and replenishing ATP

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15
Q

Enzymens

A

make specify reactions occur much faster than they would on their own

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16
Q

Active sites

A

polypeptide chains of enzymes are folded into one more active sites, pockets where substrates bind and where reactions proceed

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17
Q

Transition state

A

when substate bonds reach their breaking point and the reaction will run spontaneously to product

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18
Q

Closer molecules are together

A

more likely they will react

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19
Q

Cofactors

A

atoms or molecules that associate with enzymes and are necessary for their function

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20
Q

Coenzymes

A

vitamins

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21
Q

Antioxidant

A

neutralizes free radicals

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22
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

any series of enzyme mediated reactions by which a cell builds, rearranges, or breaks down an organic substance

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23
Q

allosteric

A

region of an enzyme other than the active site that can bind regulatory molecules

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24
Q

Feedback Inhibitions

A

the end product of a series of enzymatic reactions inhibits the first enzyme in the series

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25
Oxidation reduction reactions
the only way cells can capture energy from glucose is to break down the molecules in small, manageable steps.
26
Electron transfer chain
an organized series of reaction steps in which membrane bound arrays of enzymes and other molecules give up and accept electrons in turn
27
Wavelengths
the distance between the crests of two successive waves of light
28
Photosynthesis
harness of energy of light to build organic molecules from inorganic raw material
29
Pigment
organic molecule that absorbs light of specific wavelengths
30
Chlorophyll
most common photosynthesis pigment in plant. makes plants green
31
Chloroplast
specializes in photosynthesis in plant and many protists
32
Stroma
plant chloroplasts have two outer membranes and filled with a semifluid matrix
33
Thylakoid Membrane
form stacks of disks that are connected by channels. light harvester
34
Photosystem
groups of hundreds of pigments and other molecules that work as a unit to begin the reactions of photosystems
35
Light dependent reactions
the energy of light gets converted to the chemical bond energy of ATP
36
NADP+
accepts electons and hydrogen ions
37
light independent reactions
runs on energy delivered but the ATP and NADPH formed in the first stage. second stage of photosynthesis
38
Reactions of the firs stage of photosynthesis
convert the energy of light to the energy of chemical bonds
39
Photophosphorylation
any light driven reaction that attaches phosphate to a molecule
40
Calcin Benson cycle
builds sugars in the stroma of chloroplasts. They are light independent, they run bond energy of ATP
41
carbon fixation
extracting carbon atoms from an inorganic source and incorporating them into an organic molecule
42
Rubisco
fixes carbon by attaching CO2 to five carbon
43
six carbon
unstable
44
Plants use glucose
to make light independent reactions for other molecules
45
C3 plants
plants that use only the calvin benson cycle to fix carbon. sugar plants
46
stomata
small openings across the epidermal surfaces of leaves and green stems opens CO2 and O2 out
47
photorespiration
At high O2 levels, rubisco attaches oxygen to RuBP in a pathway
48
C4 plants
Plants that use the additional reactions also close stomata on dry days, but their sugar production does not decline. ex. corn. dry plants
49
CAM plants
have an alternative carbon fixing pathway that allows them to conserve water even in regions where the daytime temperatures can be extremely high.
50
Autotrophs
Self nourishing organisms, harvest energy directly from environment.
51
Heterotrophs
Most bacteria, animals, protists, fungi. Get energy and carbon from organic molecules that have already been assembled by other organisms.
52
Photoautotroph
make sugars from carbon dioxide and water using the energy of sunlight
53
Chemoautotroph
extract energy and carbon from simple molecules in the environment
54
Aerobic
use oxygen
55
anaerobic
occur in the absence of oxygen
56
aerobic respirations
main pathway by which cells harvest energy from organic molecules
57
glycolysis
convert one six carbon molecule of glucose into pyruvate
58
pyruvate
molecule with a three carbon backbone
59
Substrate level phosphorylations
direct transfers of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
60
Krebs cycle
breaks down the pyruvate products of glycolysis
61
Electron Transfer Phosphorylation
third stage of aerobic reparation, occurs inside mitchocondria, flow of electrons through mitochondrial electron transfer chains ultimately results in the attachment of phosphate to ADP
62
Lactate fermentation
electrons and hydrogen ions are transferred from NADH directly to pyruvate
63
Alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvate becomes converted to ethyl alcohol. product is ethanol.
64
Energy inputs drive organization of molecules into units called
cells
65
Oxidation
loss of electrons
66
Reduction
gain of electrons
67
Photosystem II
releases energy
68
Pholoysis
split water by energy, oxygen is a byproduct
69
Noncyclic photosynthesis
photsystem I works in this
70
non cyclic
results in oxygen
71
C02 ---Photosynthesis--glucose then
O2-----H2O
72
Glycolysis
converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of ATP
73
1 glucose molecule has ___ ATP
36 glycolysis, acetyl, and krebs cycle: 2 electron transfer: 36

Bio 100 (37 decks)

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