Cell Structure and Function/Cell Membrane Flashcards
What all cells have in common
each cell has a plasma membrane, a boundary between its interior and outside environment. The interior consists of cytoplasm and an innermost region of DNA
Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria, internal membrane enclosed
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells of protists, plants, fungi and animals are eukaryotic. Have a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed compartments.
Cytoskeleton
Diverse protein filaments reinforce a cell’s shape and keep its parts organized.
Cell Theory (text)
a foundation of modern bio, states cells re the fundamental unit of all life
Cell Theory four generalizations
Every living organism consists of one or more cells
smallest unit of life
all living cells come from division of other, pre existing cells
cells contain hereditary material
Cell
the smallest unit that shows the properties of life
Eukaryotic Cell
divided into various functional compartments, including a nucelus
Prokaryotic cells
usually smaller, simpler, none has a nucleus
Plasma Membrane
the cell’s outer membrane. Separates metabolic activities from events outside of the cell, but does not isolate the cell’s interior. Water, CD, and Ox can cross.
Nucleus
double membraned sac holds a eukaryotic cell’s dna.
Nucleoid
The DNA inside prokaryotic cells is concentrated in a region of cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
A semifluid mixture of water, sugars, ions, and proteins between plasma membrane. Suspend cell components
Ribosomes
structure where proteins are built
Surface to volume ratio
strongly influences cell size and shape. An object’s volume increase with the cube of its diameter, but its surface area increases only with the square.
Lipid bilayer
Structural foundation of all cell membranes, double layer of lipids organized so that their hydrophobic tails are sandwiched between their hydrophilic heads
Phospholipids
most abundant type of lipid in cell membrane
Modern Microscopes
curved glass lenses bend light and focus it as a magnified image of the specimen
Transmission Electron Microscope
electrons passing through thin slice of specimen illuminate a fluorescent screen.
Flagella
slender cellular structures used for motion. A bacterial flagellum moves like a propeller that drives cell
Pili
project from the surface of some bacterial species, helps cling to or move across surfaces. (one sperm)
Biofilms
Single celled organisms live in a shared mass of slime
Organelle
Structures inside the cells, for example a nucleus
Nucelus
Protecting controlling access to DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Routing, modifying new polypeptide chains; synthesizing lipids; other tasks
Golgi Body
Modifying new polypeptide chains; sorting, shipping proteins and lipids
Vesicles
Transporting, storing, or digesting substances in a cell; other functions
Mitochondrion
Making ATP by sugar breakdown
Chloroplast
Making sugars in plants, some protists
Conducts photosynthesis
Lysosome
Intracellular digestion
Peroxisome
Inactivating toxins
Vacuole
dispose of waste
Ribosomes
Assembling polypeptide chains
Centriole
Anchor for cytoskeleton
Rough ER
modifies proteins
Smooth ER
makes lipids, breaks down carbs
golgi body
ships lipids, enzymes and secretes proteins
Chloroplast
Specializes in photosynthesis
Nuclear Envelope
Pore riddled double membrane that controls which substances enter and leave the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
Semifluid Interior portion of the nucleus
Nucleolus
Rounded mass of proteins and copies of genes for ribosomal RNA used to construct ribosomal subunits
Chromatin
Total collection of all DNA Molecules and associated proteins in the nucleus; all of the cell’s chromosomes
Chromosome
One DNA molecule and many proteins associated with it
we have 46 chromosomes
Endomembrane system
set of organelles that makes, modifies, and transport proteins and lipids. Main function is to make lipids, enzymes and proteins for secretion or insertion into cell membrane.
Vesicles
small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelles. Transport substances from one organelle to another
Peroxisomes
contains enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids
Plastids
membrane enclosed, function in photosynthesis or storage in plants like chloroplast
Central Vacuole
keeps leaves firm, fluid pressure.
Primary wall
secreting strands of cellulose into the coating.
Cuticle
protective body covering made of cell secretions
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
supports and anchors cells, separates tissues, and functions in cell signaling
Cell junction
structures that connect a cell to other cells and to the environment
Cytoskeleton
reinforce, organize and move cell structures
Microtubules
are long, hollow cylinders that consist of subunits of the protein tubulin
Microfilaments
strengthen or change shape of eukaryotic cells
Cell cortex
A reinforcing mesh under the plasma membrane
Motor proteins
move cell parts in a sustain direction when they are repeatedly energized by ATP
Robert Hooke
First to visualize non living cells through a microscope to sketch and name cells
Anton Van
Fancy glass
Robert Brown
first to identify a cell nucleus
DNA purines
Adenine and guanine
DNA primidines
Thymine and cytosine