memory Flashcards
Who studied coding into STM and LTM
Baddeley:
*had ppts learn list of words of 4 categories
-acoustically similar/dis
-semantically sim/dis
STM- had them immediately recall words and found they made more mistakes on acoustically similar.
LTM- waited 20 minutes to recall and found that made more mistakes on semantically dis so codes semantically
What does semantic and acoustic mean
semantic similar- words with the same meaning
acoustically similar- words with same sounds
Who investigated capacity of STM
*Miller
* digit span tech
*gave unrelated digits than increased by one each time
*made them recall in order until couldnt acc recall anymore in order
*found that stored 5-9 items but can store more if in chunks
Who investigated duration of STM
*Peterson and Peterson
*had a constonant triagram to remember
*then given 3 digit number and asked to count bac - to stop rehersal from happening
*wouldstopped at diff intervals and asked to recall.
*after 3s- 80% acc recall
after 10s- less than 70
STM- duration is 18-30scs
Who investivgated duration in LTM
*Bahrick
*conducted experiement with 392 american hs graduates.
*placed in diff conditions had to recall names of classmates
*condition 1- had photobook cue- 70 percent recalled acc after 48yrs
*condition 2-no photo cue
Whats a leading question
*question that wrongly implies info about event for eg what colour was the youths jacket implying perepatror was youth
*contaminates witnesses memory and therefore call inacc info.
Outline Loftus and Palmers exp
Aim- to investigate whether phrasing can impact EWT.
*lab exp
*45 american students split into 5 grps
*had them all watch video of car crash and asked them questions with diff verb:
SMASHED, COLLIDED, CONTACTED, HIT, BUMPED
Measured estimates using MPH]
when used smashed- 40.5mph
when contacted- 31,8mph
What verbs did Loftus and Palmer use
SMASHED, COLLIDED, CONTACTED, HIT, BUMPED
AO3 Loftus
Strength:
P- prac apps
E- principles that leading questions can influ lead to improvemnets in criminal justice system and development of cog interview.
cog int avoids use of leading questions uses variety of techniques…
+positive impact on economy, more acc statements, less taxpapeyer money used to conduct MORE int
Limitations
-lack of mundane realsim
- research found that eyewit of real event understand important conq of giving inbaccurate info but ppts watching vid dont have same motivation, lowering EXT
Post event discussion AO3
Support:
*skagerberg and Wrigth- watch 2 clips opf film mugging, one had dark other light
Limitation:
*lack of mundane
Anxiety definition
strong emotional and physical state that affects EWT
Johnson and Scott findings
high anxiety- man walk out of room with kinfe and blod coorectly identified man leaving room 33% of time out of 50 pics
low anxiety- 49%
AO3 anxiety as factor affecting
Support:
P- Valentine and Mesout- participants to walk through the London Dungeon horror maze. during their heart rates monitored anxiety. based on their heart rate increase, participants were divided into high-anxiety and low-anxiety groups, and then asked to recall details of a scary character they encountered during the maze.
E- found high lowered EWT
Contradict:
-Christianson and Hubinette interviewed 58 real life wit of bank robbery where some directly threatened- bank teller. Recall was more than 75% across all but those directly had more acc acounts
L- contra cause able to focus on key aspects of event and successful in catching perpetartpr
P- Yerkes- Dodson Law.
E- proposes that anxiety and EWT isnt simple relatiosnhip, diff levels can effect EWT. too little or too much result in poor EWT but if optimum accuracy is HIGH.
E- explains diff between Chriti and Jihnson as Jihn study may have not been as anxious due to being exp.
Cog interview who was it made by and what type of questions do they use
Fisher and Geisman- use open questions
AO3 COG
Support:
Kohken- meta- analysis found thatcog had 41% increase in correct info compared to standard
Discuss:
however despite more info remembered, more incorrect recalled- 61% increase of incorrect info reported in cog interview- false positives.
L- despite more info recalled- often inacc leading to false imprisonments- neg effect on economy as more interviews nedd to be conducted.
Limitations:
not all tech equally as effective- Milne and Bull- each of 4 tech alone produced more info but using combo of recall everything and CE produced better recall.
L- weakness cause may mean that CI not use dffec t and onky some elements useful in producing acc recall.
