16 marker memory Flashcards
16 marker WMM
Shallace and Warrington
Patient KF not able to recall digits when read to him, but could recall when he read himsrlf.-This shows that his phinological store was damagwd however his visuo was still intact, This suggest that there must be diff stores of STM,
However, despite the evidence from Shallice and Warrington, this case study can be critiscied for low pop validity as it was only conducted on one person, Diff to gen findings because wider pops STM may work differently, thus limiing the support.
Sttudies into dual task perfomance supports that theres diff components inSTM. Baddeley conducted exp, ppts told to do 2 visual tasks of imaging letter F and moving it it whilst using pointer to track light. One visual and verbal( saying the repeatdly). Shows that whilst doing visuo, both tasks were competing for the limited capcity, whilst doing vebal and visuo, task delegated sep salave systems, perfomance not reducdd, no competition. Increasing crdibility.
Limitation- no clarity on role of CE, some psych say its to delegate whilst some say it has sev components within. Thefore casting doubt on WMM
Retrival failure due to absence of cues- context dependent forgetting A03
(context)
*Gooden and Baddeley
*learn words on land underwater
*recall in diff condition
*found that they were most likely to forgot with forty percent less accuracy
*Shows that werent able to retrieve due to lack of external memory cues, supporting context dependent forgetting.
However despiute this evidence to support context dependent forgetting
*Baddeley stated that CONTEXT effects werent strong
*learning somet in one room and recalling in other doesnt cause a sig amount of forgetting as env isnt that diff like the og experiment. Thefore might not able to explain forgrtting in everyday life
State dependent forgetting
*Goodwin
*male ppts drunk or sober had ro learn list of words
*had to recall 24hrs later in same or opposite stae
*those that recalled in opposite where more likely to forget the words.
Supports because it shows that when theres a lack of internal memory cues, forgetting is more likely to occur.
*practical app
*theory that lack of memory cues can lead to forgetting has helped create tech for police, called context reinstatemnet, where ew are told to imagine themselves at the scene and imagine how they were feeling, This tech is effective as external and internal cues triggers memory. Thefore, important part of applied psych as it helps provide for accurate ewt.
However;
*lacks mundane realism as remembering list pof words is an artfiicial task
Therefore not being able to gen the findings to everyday cases of forgetting. bcs irl could be learning more complex info that may not be easily accessed w internal or external cues. Thefore reducing external validity .
Interference theory
McGeoch and McDonald
*ppts told to remember words until 100% accuracy-list A
*learn list B
*when asked to recall list A they found that if kt had similar words to B, recal was 12%
*if not similar it was 26%
Therefore supporting in theory as 2 lots of info that were similar got confused in the LTM which lead to fprgetting.
However:
*lacks mundane realism, as remembring lis is artficial. It doesnt refelct what we try to everyday life, for eg birthdays, recipes may be less likley to get contaminated as its more meaningful
Strength is that most research is high in reliability. This is becaise conducted in controlled, lab settings. Thefore could be repeated in same condition for eg ppts same time to learn words for consistent results. Thefore strengthening the support.
Baddeley and Hitch
*asked rugby players to recall teams they played with, all rugby players played at same intervals, however some didnt play due to injuries.
players who had played more games (more intervening games) were less likely to recall the names of teams they played earlier in the season. This suggests that the more similar intervening activities (other games) that had occurred, the more likely they were to forget earlier information due to retroactive interference.
Supports as it shows games got confused in LTM, less likley to be recalled,
Limitation of WMM PMT version
criticised for being too simplistic, with Damasio and Eringer (1985) studying an individual who had a brain tumour removed and displayed contradictory symptoms related to his CE. patient was able to perform reasoning tasks- indicating an intact CE, took long on decision making tasks- indicating a damaged CE. This led them to believe the current model of the CE is too simplistic, thus undermining a key aspect of the model’s structure,
*The use of case studies of brain damaged individuals to support the model is criticised
*trauma that causes the brain damage may actually be the cause of their cognitive changes.
* brain damage and the trauma are unable to be separated,
*so the cause of the changes cannot be determined.
*hese studies has been questioned, they are not able to provide evidence for the model, limiting its validity
