Attachment Flashcards
-Who investigated stages of attachment
Schaffer and Emerson
4 stages of attachment
Asocial- first few weeks
Indiscriminate - 2-7 months
Specific- 7 moths
Multiple - 9-10 months
Describe each stage of attachment
Asocial- infant show innate behaviours to adults and inanimate objects
Indiscriminate- infants show pref to adults over objects and no stranger / sep anxiety
Specific- start forming attachments, show sep/stranger anxiety. 65% show attcahmnet w mother
Multiple- start to form attachments with other regular caregivers, Stranger anx decreases
What does Grossman suggest in the role of the father
Suggest that fathers are responsible for the QUALITY of attachment and mothers for the attachments in adolescence. Mothers atke up a more nurturing role whilst fathers for play and stimulation.
What does Field suggest in the role of the father
He concludes that gender is not important in formimg attachments with the infant but the level of responsiveness is.
What was Grossman’s experiment?
*longitudinal study
*looking at parents behaviour and its relationship to quality of childs attachmnet into teens.
What was Field’s experiment
*lab experiment
Sample:
*had primary caregiver mothers and fathers, and secondary caregiver fathers
Findings;
found that primary fathers and mothers were SMILING, IMITATING and holding infants more than secondary
What does Bowlby’s monotropic theory suggest
Suggests that attachment is evolutionary whilst the classical and operant conditioning explanation suggest that attachment is learnt.
Describe the elements to Bowlby’s monotropic theory- ASCMI
Adaptive- attachment is innitate system, INHERITED to IMPROVE survival
Social releasers- infants, smiling, crying acting cute triggers response of caregiver and enables intercation to take place.
Critical- if infants dont form attachment in 2,5 years of life, theyll never be able to.
Monotropy- most important, suggests that its mothers, doesnt need to be biological
Internal Working Model- mental represantion of how relationships are meant to be like based on attachment w caregiver.
What are the 2 laws within the element of monotropy and what do they suggest
Law of accumlated seperation- if caregiver is away from infant for too long it can cause poor quality attachment.
Law of continuity- attachment is better if CONSITENT and PREDICTABLE care
Describe Harlow’s experiment and findings into animal studies
*controlled experiment
*16 rhesus monkys seperated from mothers and placed in cages
*cloth mothers (comfort), wire (food)
*scared them with loud noises and a monster to see what mother theyd go to which was cloth.
*spent more hours w cloth- 17-18 hrs
Found later that the monkeys had emotional damage, and were prone to getting bullied and less likely to mate. If they did mate they were INADEQUATE mothers and abuse children
Describe Lorenz’s experiment and findings
*12 goslings
half of them were placed in an incubator, other with their mother, Those in incubator first moving thning they saw was Lorenx whilst for the others it was their mother.
After he mixed them uip and observed who they followed. Found that the goslings imprinted on Lorenz and followed him everywhere. Critical period is 12-17 hrs.
Goslings that imprinted ion humans try to later on mate with them
What is classical conditioning
Suggest that babies attach due to stimulus, association and response
When a feeder is feeding a child what are are the stimuleses?
Milk- unconditional stimulus that get san unconditional response of pleasure from the baby
Feeder- neutral stimulus- thru repoition baby associates them w pleasure and food
Feeder then turns into conditioned stimulus because baby knows thell get feed when they see them, leads to conditioned reponse of pleasure
What is maternal deprivation?
*prolonged loss of emotional care from a mother figure, without substitute of care it can have serious long term issues.
Negative effects of MD
*emotional damage- affectionless psychopathy in which individual finds it hard to feel guilty or any strong emotions to others, no empathy towards victims, not able to form relationships and associated w criminality
intellectual damage- low IQ (Goldfarb low IQ if remained in institution than those fostered- emotional care)
Define attachement
*emotional link between caregiver and infant
*each seek closeness and feel secure in the presence of attachment figure
*responsiveness opf caregiver to infants signals has a deep effect on the child
Define reciprocity
*two-way mutual conversation between caregiver and infant to sustain a conversation.
*behaviours ellicit a response from both parties
Define interactional synchrony
*caregiver and infant respond in time to keep communication going. for example infant smiles and acregiver smiles at the same time.
Describe Meltzoff and Moores experiment
*controlled experiment
*with 40 week old infants
*researcher showed facial expressions like poutring tongue
*childs response was filmed and investigated by a independent researcher.
What was found in Meltzoff and Moores experiment?
Link was found between the facial expression of the adult and the response of the infant.
Outline Schaffers and Emersons study into the stages of attachment
*longitudinal study with 60 working class babies and their mothers from glasgow
*infantys were visited every month for first year of infants life and then 18 months
*observations and interwievs were used
*measured stranger anxiety by researched starting home visit by approaching infant
*meausred sep anxiety- leaving infant in the room alone or asking mother how infant reacts
*asked mothers who trhe infant would smile at etc.
Influence of the internal working model on childhood relations
*secure attachment- more quality relationships w peers
*insecure attcahments- difficulty making friends
Smith et al- insecure avoidant- most likely to be victims of bullying, resistant likely to be bully
What research was conducted on the impact of the internal working model on the influence of adult relatioships?
*Hazen and Shaver- Love quiz questionnaire- printed in newspapers
Found:
+56%- securely attached- positive and longer lasting relationships.
*25%- insecure- av as children- feelings of jealoust and feared intimacy
*19%- insecure- res- fear being abandoned, too much pressure on partner
Outline Ainsworths Stranger Situation
*100 middle class american infants and mothers
*controlled ob
Procedure- 7 eps- 3 mins:
1) parents enters room w child, child explores
2)stranger enters tried to interact w child- measure sr anxiety
3)parent leaves w stranger- measure sr and sp anxiety
4) parent returns, stranger leaves- measure reunion behaviour
5)parent leaves child alone- sep anxiety
6)stranger returns- sr anxiety
7) parent returns, stranger leaves
Findings of Ainsworths Strange Situation
*secure attachment;
*expores enviro- mother secure base
*upset when mother leaves
*avoidant of stranger- friendly when mum present
*happy when mother returns
*insecure- avoidant- unresponsive
*explores
*unconcerned by mother laving
*unconcerned often avoidant of mother and stranger
*unresponsive when returns
*insecure-resistant- inconsistent
*low willing to explore
*intensly distressed when mother leaves
*extreme fear of stranger
*clinginess mixed w rejection on return
insecure res is caused by what type of caregiver
inconsistent
insecure avoidant is caused by what type of caregiver
unresponsive
Outline Cultural variations into attachemnt
*Van Ijzerdoon= 32 studies, 8 countries, 200 children, meta analysis
*18 studies conducted in the USA
*conducted:
*Germany, Israel, UK, Holland, Sweden
*China, Japan
Findings:
*insecure- av most dominant in west cultures
*most common was secure- lowest per in china, highest in Britain
*insecxure- res most dominant in non-west except china
*150% variation within cultures than between
Whats one example that shows that variation within cultures was 150% greater
One study found that 46% secure, compsred to other that was 90% within states
What did Takahashi find for the variations of attachment?
*replicated stranger situations w 60 middle class japanese infants and mothers using same behavioural categories and procedure
*68%- secure
*32% insecure resistant
tEffects of Institutionalisation
*reactive attachemnt- child unable to trust/ love others, isolated, very selfish, unable to understand needs of others, lack remorse
*disinhibted attachment- children select attach figures very indiscriminately, over familiarity w strangers
*cog imparremnet- low IQ, problems w conc, diff in learning new concepts and behaviours
*attention seeking- Zeenah et Al
What the cause of reactive attachment
lack of sensitive responsiveness from a parent
Why is disinhibited attachment abnormal and how is it caused
- as usually, young kids shows stranger anxiety
*caused by long periods of insti care, children adapted to having multiple caregivers
Rutter’s study into effects of insti
aim- investigate if love and nurturing care could overturn effects
*longitudinal study- physical, emotional, cog developmemt assesed at 4,6, 11, 15
Sample: 111 romanian orphans adopted into british fams
3 groups:
*adopted BEFORE 6 months
*adopted BETWEEN 6m- 2 years
*adopted AFTER 2 years
compared to control group of 52 british adopted children.
Findings;
*when first arrived- 50% showed signs of cog imparement
*4 years old- good recovery, adopted before 6 months doing weel as british adopted.
*sdopted after 2 years higher levels of disinhibited attachment
*age 11- adopted after 2 years- mean IQ lower than adopted BEFORE 6m who had normal IQ
What was the conclusion for Rutter’s exp
*neg effects can be overcome by sensitive, nurturing care, so more if adoptive is earlier
Research to support effects of insti by Zeanah et Al
*compared 95 romanian orphans aged betwwen 12-31 months, spent 90% of lives in institution, gto control gtp of normal romanian children
*attcahment type asses using strange situation
Findings:
*44% of insti children showed dis attachemnt, compared >20% of control grp
