16 marker attachment Flashcards
Outline and Evaluate cultural variations into attachment
Van Izjerdoorn conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the differences between attachment types in diffrent cultures. He used 32 (18/32 in USA) Stranger Situation experiments across 8 countries of which were UK, Holland, USA, Germany (indi cultures) and Israel, China and Japan (collectivist) that consisted of 2,000 infants. He found thata cross all the countries the most common attach,ment style was secure attachment with 65% overall, whereas the least common was insecure resistant that was in Japan and Israel and avoidant in Germany, However he also found that there was 150% greater variation of attachment styles withi cultures than between as a study found 46% of sample secure whilst other found that it was 90% in diff state.
P- large sample
E- conducted on 2,000 infants
E- increses internal validity as it reduces kmpact of anomolous results by bad methodology.
L- therefore increasing credibility, and increasing EV due to being able to gen findings.
P- One limitation is alternative explanations for similiarities of attachmnet styless
E-Bowlby- universal similiarities to how attachments form is due to innate drive for survival. Van says due to efccts of mass media.
E- Mass media spreads ideas of ideal parenting tech- children exposed to similar influences, suggesting similarities could be due to increase in global culture than innate bio influences.
P-Limation- criticised for imposed etic
E- based on american parenting and ignores other practices in diff cultures
E- For eg willingness to explore is sign of secure, in germany lack of sep, pleasure of reunion shows independence and security by Ger rather than insecurity by Amer
L- infants not measured on stan by own culture- incorrectly categorised, lacking validity making SS not an appropaite way to measue attachmnet styles.
P- large number of studies conducted in America’
E- 18/32 in america whilst only 5 in collectivist countries
L- thefore diff to gen findings across cultures
Outline Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis 6 marks
Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation concerns itself with how early experiences can interfere with the usual process of attachment formation.
Maternal deprivation refers to the prolonged loss of emotional care from the mother figure, without any adequatE substitute care, and it can have serious long- term consequences. Bowlby believed that ongoing maternal deprival would have negative effects on a child in terms of their emotional and intellectual development, leading to possible mental health problems or maladjustment
Although bowlby believed that the effects of maternal deprivation would be most acute during the first 3Umonths a (the critical period), he also stated that there was a risk of adverse consequences up until the age of five. He als acknowledged that receiving substitute emotional care could prevent the long-term consequences, provided it is g quality care.
Bowlby claimed that maternal deprivation could have a variety of consequences. For example it could cause in de intellectual development which would lead to low IQ. Bowlby also suggested that deprivation could lead to affiaionless psycfropathy characterised by individuals with a lack of shame or guilt. This can lead to furo such as diffiGulty to6ning4ationsMps and a higher probability of criminal tendencie_ -
What is maternal deprivation?
*prolonged loss of emotional care from a mother figure, without substitute of care it can have serious long term issues.
Negative effects of MD
*emotional damage- affectionless psychopathy in which individual finds it hard to feel guilty or any strong emotions to others, no empathy towards victims, not able to form relationships and associated w criminality
intellectual damage- low IQ (Goldfarb low IQ if remained in institution than those fostered- emotional care)
Describe Bowlby’s 44 thieves study
*44 juveniles
Procedure:.
*interviewed them to see any signs if affectionless psychopathy.
*interviewed parents and asked if there was any period of sep in childhood
*compared to ctrl group of 44 teens not criminals but emotional disturbances
Findings:
*32% had AP, part of that 32% 86% had prolonged sep. 68% didn’t have AP and from that percentage 17% had sep.
Ctrl grp no AP and 4% sep
Conclusion- prolonged sep causes AP
Describe Bowlby’s 44 thieves study
*44 juveniles
Procedure:.
*interviewed them to see any signs if affectionless psychopathy.
*interviewed parents and asked if there was any period of sep in childhood
*compared to ctrl group of 44 teens not criminals but emotional disturbances
Findings:
*32% had AP, part of that 32% 86% had prolonged sep. 68% didn’t have AP and from that percentage 17% had sep.
Ctrl grp no AP and 4% sep
Conclusion- prolonged sep causes AP
What does Bowlby suggest about critical period
30 m is the critical period dep during critical cause inevitable psych damage that can continue it’s risks till 5 years old
Findings of Van experiment
*secure most common
*resistant less common- Japan and Israel
*avoidant- most common in Germany less in Japan
*150% greater variation within cultures than between.
Sample of Van
32 studies from 8 countries (Israel, UK, Holland, Germany, Japan, China, USA, Sweden) 2,000 infants
Takahashi’s Strange situation sampkr and findings
*60 middle class Japanese mothers and infants- same standard procedure as SS
Findings:
*68%- secure
*32%- resistant
*0%- avoidant
Evaluate Vans study into attachment styles
P- large sample
E- conducted on 2,000 infants
E- increses internal validity as it reduces kmpact of anomolous results by bad methodology.
L- therefore increasing credibility, and increasing EV due to being able to gen findings.
P- One limitation is alternative explanations for similiarities of attachmnet styless
E-Bowlby- universal similiarities to how attachments form is due to innate drive for survival. Van says due to efccts of mass media.
E- Mass media spreads ideas of ideal parenting tech- children exposed to similar influences, suggesting similarities could be due to increase in global culture than innate bio influences.
P-Limation- criticised for imposed etic
E- based on american parenting and ignores other practices in diff cultures
E- For eg willingness to explore is sign of secure, in germany lack of sep, pleasure of reunion shows independence and security by Ger rather than insecurity by Amer
L- infants not measured on stan by own culture- incorrectly categorised, lacking validity making SS not an appropaite way to measue attachmnet styles.
P- large number of studies conducted in America’
E- 18/32 in america whilst only 5 in collectivist countries
L- thefore diff to gen findings across cultures
Evaluate Bowlbys MD
P- large sample
E- 2,000 infants
E-increases internal validity of study as it reduces impact of anomalous results by bad methodology
L- therefore increasing credibility and external val as findings can be gen.
P- Alternative Explanations for Similarities. Bowlby suggests that universal similarities to how attachments form is due to innate drive for survival
E- However, Van says its due to effects of mass media
E- Mass media spreads ideas of ideal parenting- children exposed to similar influences
L- The similarities could be due to an jncrease of global culture than innate biological influences.
P- Cultural bias- imposed etic
E- based on American parenting and ignores other practices n culture’s
E- willing to explore is a sign for secure BUT in Germany lack of separation and pleasure on reunion shows independence and security rather than insecurity for Americans (Grossman and Grossman)
L-infabts not measured by standards of OWN culture- incorrectly categorised, lacks validity making SS not appropriate to measure attachment styles
