Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis: RNA/DNA, Oncogenic Viruses Flashcards by Medically Makk

outcome of viral diease?

viral host interaction and the host response to the interaction

Slide 1

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Nature of disease? (3)

target tissue, portal of entry of the virus
permissiveness

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severity of the disease? (3)

cytopathic, virus inoculum size, immune status of host

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Incubation period?

before the prodrome, no/little symptoms, virus is amplified and may spread to a secondary site

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prodromal period?

vague symptopms, before invasive phase

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invasive phase?

most severe signs and symptoms

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convalescence period?

gradual healing and may be able to pass on the virus to others

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decline phase?

declining signs and symptoms

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R Naught?

of people that a person can infect, ex measles can infect alot of people

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Herpes Simplex virus 1&2

large, enveloped dsDNA, can be spread without visible lesions

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HSV-1 symptoms?

cold sores, oropharynx, fever blisters, early childhood

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HSV-2 symptoms?

Above the belt (eye infection), genitalia, (oral)

considered an STI

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Hsv-1 latency

occurs in the trigeminal ganglon

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hsv-2 latency

occurs in the sacral ganglia

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Whitlow hsv-1

personal working on oral cavity (dental)

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Whitlow hsv-2

obstetric and gynecological personnel

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HSV Replication 10 stages? (1-6)

absorption
entry
capsid transport to the nucleus
transcription
translation
replication

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HSV Replication 10 stages? (7-12)

HSV

capsid assembly
glycosylation
glycoprotein export to the cell surface
endocytosis of glycoprotein-containing plasma membrane
envelopment
virus release

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hsv pathogenesis

why do virus cells become giant cells ?

cells will combine and become mulinucleated, so the virus can avoid the immune response

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hsv pathogenesis

cowdry bodies

esoinophilic or basophilic (hemotoxial)
( references the dye that is used)

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Epstein-Barr Virus, dna type?

enveloped dsDNA

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Epstein-Barr virus, population infected?

college age, high school age are vulnerable (mono or kissing diease)

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Epstein-Barr virus , goes latent where?

latent in b cells

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Epstein-Barr virus incubation period?

30-50 days

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splenomegaly can occur in what sport and what virus?

football and Epstein-Barr virus

# EBV Pathogenesis what kind of test is use to identify ebv?

monospot test: antibody test used

Burkitt lymphoma is asscocaited with what virus?

Epstein-Barr virus

Burkitt lymphoman is ?

b cell maligancy, develops jaw and grossly swells the cheek

Epstein-Barr virus, what occurs in latency?

EBNA-1 becomes big

EBNA-1 definition?

maintains viral episome, regulates viral promoters, anti-apoptotic | EBV VIRULENCE FACTOR

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) structure

small, naked dsDNA (circular)

papilloma means? ## Footnote HPV

squamous epithelial growth, wart, or verruca

koilocyte ## Footnote Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

keratinocytes that are abnormal cervical cells

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) what happens to the cells?

the cells change size and shapes

EBV has how many paths of disease development?

# Human Papillomavirus (HPV) E1 and E2

genome maintence, support, basal layer

# Human Papillomavirus (HPV) suprabasal layer

genome maintence / cell proliferation, e1,e2, e5, e6, e7

# Human Papillomavirus (HPV) granular layer

virus assembly (L1,L2)

# Human Papillomavirus (HPV) cornifed layer

viurs release

# Hepatits B Virus (HBV) & Hepatits C Virus (HCV) Hepatits B Virus (HBV) nucleic acid?

dsDNA, envelope

Hepatits C Virus (HCV) nucleic acid?

ssRNA+ nonsegmented, enveloped

# Hepatits B Virus (HBV) & Hepatits C Virus (HCV) why do you see jaundice?

interferes with liver's ecretion of bile pigments, bilirubin accumulates in the blood

# HBV AND HCV Continuously supplies blood with viruses –

chronic infection

# Hepatits B Virus (HBV) & Hepatits C Virus (HCV) Inflammation and continuous stimulation of liver cell growth and repair promotes

mutations that lead to tumor formation

# Hepatits B Virus (HBV) acute phase?

early onset symptoms, stool changing colors that eventually get resolved

# WHAT VIRUS? Some patients experience malaise, fever, chills, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea - Fever, jaundice, rash, and arthritis in more severe disease cases - Small number of patients develop chronic liver disease – Necrosis and cirrhosis

HBV | PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS

# PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS Reaches liver cells, multiplies, and releases viruses into blood; average ____ (TIMES) incubation

7-week

how does the HBV virus enter?

Virus enters through break in skin or mucous membrane or by injection into bloodstream

# Hepatits B Virus (HBV) delta agent

Hepatit D Virus, liver failure

# Hepatits C Virus (HCV) does it integrate with out genome?

no it doesnt

# Hepatits C Virus (HCV) antigenic varialiblity in HCV cause what?

makes a vaccine very difficult

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dna or rna?

ssRNA+

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) what is a lentivirus?

a slow virus, genus of HIV

What virus does this? Encode reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme which makes a double stranded DNA from the single-stranded RNA genome

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV can only infect host cells that have the required

CD4 marker plus a co-receptor

what makes viral DNA from RNA?

reverse transciptase

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV enters through

mucous membrane or skin and travels to dendritic cells beneath the epithelium, multiplies, and is shed

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Virus is taken up and amplified by

macrophages in the skin, lymph organs, bone marrow, and blood

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV attaches to CD4 and co-receptor; HIV fuses with

cell membrane

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Reverse transcriptase enzyme makes a

DNA copy of RNA

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) What are the stages of HIV infection

Stage 0 - indeterminate HIV Stage 1 - lab confirms HIV Stage 2- low T cell count Stage 3- Aids develop Stage unknown - no infor on T cell

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Viral DNA is integrated into host chromosome and Can produce a ... what kind of infection?

lytic infection or remain latent

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) The level of viruses in the blood. Virus levels are high during the ## Footnote STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

initial acute infection and decrease until the later phases of HIV disease and AIDS

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Pathology is tied to two factors, one is The level of viruses in the blood. what is the second one? ## Footnote STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

2. The level of T cells in the blood

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Primary effects of HIV infection: (4) ## Footnote STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

1. Mononucleosis 2. Extreme leukopenia 3. Formation of giant T cells and other syncytia 4. Infected Macrophages

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Mononucleosis ## Footnote STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

-like symptoms that soon disappear,

# what virus has these symptoms? Fever, headache, myalgia, shortness of breath, cough, sore throat, vomiting, and diarrhea

INFLUENZA VIRUS

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) CD4 lymphocytes destruction – ## Footnote STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

opportunistic infections and malignancies during full-blown AIDS

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Extreme leukopenia – ## Footnote STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

lymphocytes in particular,

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Formation of giant T cells and other syncytia – ## Footnote STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

virus spreads

# INFLUENZA VIRUS Influenza A and B are the two types of influenza that cause

epidemic seasonal infections nearly every year

# INFLUENZA VIRUS influenza is ssRNA (-) and segmented what does that mean?

Genome consists of 10 genes encoded on 8 separate RNA strands

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Secondary effects of HIV: ## Footnote STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

Asymptomatic phase: 2-15 years (avg. 10), CD4 lymphocytes destruction

# INFLUENZA VIRUS Type A causes

most infections

# INFLUENZA VIRUS what is influenza?

Acute, highly contagious respiratory illness

# INFLUENZA VIRUS Binds to ciliated cells of

respiratory mucosa

# INFLUENZA VIRUS causes rapid shedding of cells, stripping the

respiratory epithelium; severe inflammation

# Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) AIDS Defining illness

look at powerpoint, click purple first and everytime you look at it increase the color

# what virus does this? Weakened host defenses predispose patients to secondary bacterial infections, especially pneumonia

INFLUENZA VIRUS

# INFLUENZA VIRUS Hemagglutinin (H) – 15 subtypes; most important virulence factor; binds to

host cells via sialic acid | glycoproteins

# INFLUENZA VIRUS Neuraminidase (N) – 9 subtypes – hydrolyzes mucus and assists viral budding and release by | virulence factor

cleaving the HA-sialic acid interaction | glycoproteins

# INFLUENZA VIRUS Both glycoproteins frequently undergo genetic changes, decreasing the effectiveness of

the host immune response and allowing for new outbreaks | INFLUENZA GLYCOPROTEINS slide

# INFLUENZA VIRUS (~every 20 years)-> exchange of RNA segments between human and animal viruses -> radically new HA or NA acquired= pandemics, what is the term for this?

Antigenic shifts

# INFLUENZA VIRUS (every year) -> spontaneous mutations -> slightly altered HA and NA -> endemic infection

antigenic drifts

# INFLUENZA VIRUS Virus attaches to, and multiplies in cells of the

respiratory tract

# INFLUENZA VIRUS Segments of RNA genome enter the

nucleus

# INFLUENZA VIRUS PATHOGENESIS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS

look at slide and review, review at least 5 times

what virus has this clinical feature? sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly

EBV- Epstein Barr-Virus

condyloma acuminata is a feature of what virus?

HPV, these are genital warts

# what virus? increases risk for hepatocellular cancer

HBV infection

# clinical feature of what virus? vesicular lesions in oral mucosa

HSV - Herpes simplex virus

examples of oncogenic virus

HBV, HCV,EBV, HPV

what virus is not oncogenic?

herpes simplex virus

# EBV Virulence factors EBNA-2

Activates viral (LMP1) and cellular (CD23,c-myc,D1, HES) promoters as heterodimer. promotes cell proliferation

# EBV Virulence factors EBNA-5

binds to MDM2, thus stabilizaing and inactivating p53 and enhacnes EBNA-2-dependent transcription

# EBV Virulence factors LMP-2

blocks BCR signaling and block lytic cycle

# HIV virulence factors Vpu

HIV-1 Facilitates virion assembly and release, induces degradation of CD4

# all virulence factors gag

Group-specific antigen: core and capsid proteins

# all virulence factors int

Integrase

# all virulence factors pol

Polymerase: reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase

# all virulence factors pro

Protease

# all virulence factors env

Envelope: glycoproteins

# HIV virulence factors tat

HIV-1 Transactivation of viral and cellular genes

# HIV virulence factors vpr

(vox ) HIV-1 Transport of complementary DNA to nucleus, arresting of cell growth; facilitates replication in macrophages

# HIV virulence factors rev

HIV-1 Regulation of RNA splicing and promotion of export to cytoplasm

# HIV virulence factors Nef

HIV-1 Decreases cell surface CD4; facilitates T-cell activation, progression to AIDS (essential)

# HIV virulence factors Vif

HIV-1 Virus infectivity, promotion of assembly, blocks a cellular antiviral protein

# all virulence factors LTR

Promoter, enhancer elements

# HCV Pathogenesis list 3 symptoms of chronic hepatitis in HCV

liver failur, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma

HCV acute infection symptoms?

recovery and clearance 15%, cirrhosis rapid onset (15%), and persistent infection (70%)

# what virus do you see this in? Kaposi sarcoma

HIV, a rare vascular cancer, herpes kiss of death

# hiv ccr5 binds to

gp120

Aids dementia is associated with what virus?

HIV | hiv pathogenesis

severe immunodeficiency from opprtunistic infectios, acrivation of latent viruses, viral-related cancers occurs in what virus?

HIV | hiv pathogenesis

what virus is an orthomixovirus?

influenza