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Microbiology > Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis: RNA/DNA, Oncogenic Viruses > Flashcards

Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis: RNA/DNA, Oncogenic Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

outcome of viral diease?

A

viral host interaction and the host response to the interaction

Slide 1

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2
Q

Nature of disease? (3)

A

target tissue, portal of entry of the virus
permissiveness

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3
Q

severity of the disease? (3)

A

cytopathic, virus inoculum size, immune status of host

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4
Q

Incubation period?

A

before the prodrome, no/little symptoms, virus is amplified and may spread to a secondary site

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5
Q

prodromal period?

A

vague symptopms, before invasive phase

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6
Q

invasive phase?

A

most severe signs and symptoms

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7
Q

convalescence period?

A

gradual healing and may be able to pass on the virus to others

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8
Q

decline phase?

A

declining signs and symptoms

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9
Q

R Naught?

A

of people that a person can infect, ex measles can infect alot of people

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10
Q

Herpes Simplex virus 1&2

A

large, enveloped dsDNA, can be spread without visible lesions

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11
Q

HSV-1 symptoms?

A

cold sores, oropharynx, fever blisters, early childhood

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12
Q

HSV-2 symptoms?

A

Above the belt (eye infection), genitalia, (oral)

considered an STI

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13
Q

Hsv-1 latency

A

occurs in the trigeminal ganglon

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14
Q

hsv-2 latency

A

occurs in the sacral ganglia

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15
Q

Whitlow hsv-1

A

personal working on oral cavity (dental)

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16
Q

Whitlow hsv-2

A

obstetric and gynecological personnel

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17
Q

HSV Replication 10 stages? (1-6)

A
  1. absorption
  2. entry
  3. capsid transport to the nucleus
  4. transcription
  5. translation
  6. replication
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18
Q

HSV Replication 10 stages? (7-12)

HSV

A
  1. capsid assembly
  2. glycosylation
  3. glycoprotein export to the cell surface
  4. endocytosis of glycoprotein-containing plasma membrane
  5. envelopment
  6. virus release
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19
Q

hsv pathogenesis

why do virus cells become giant cells ?

A

cells will combine and become mulinucleated, so the virus can avoid the immune response

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20
Q

hsv pathogenesis

cowdry bodies

A

esoinophilic or basophilic (hemotoxial)
( references the dye that is used)

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21
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus, dna type?

A

enveloped dsDNA

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22
Q

Epstein-Barr virus, population infected?

A

college age, high school age are vulnerable (mono or kissing diease)

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23
Q

Epstein-Barr virus , goes latent where?

A

latent in b cells

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24
Q

Epstein-Barr virus incubation period?

A

30-50 days

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25
Q

splenomegaly can occur in what sport and what virus?

A

football and Epstein-Barr virus

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26
Q

EBV Pathogenesis

what kind of test is use to identify ebv?

A

monospot test: antibody test used

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27
Q

Burkitt lymphoma is asscocaited with what virus?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

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28
Q

Burkitt lymphoman is ?

A

b cell maligancy, develops jaw and grossly swells the cheek

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29
Q

Epstein-Barr virus, what occurs in latency?

A

EBNA-1 becomes big

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30
Q

EBNA-1 definition?

A

maintains viral episome, regulates viral promoters, anti-apoptotic

EBV VIRULENCE FACTOR

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31
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) structure

A

small, naked dsDNA (circular)

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32
Q

papilloma means?

HPV

A

squamous epithelial growth, wart, or verruca

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33
Q

koilocyte

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A

keratinocytes that are abnormal cervical cells

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34
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) what happens to the cells?

A

the cells change size and shapes

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35
Q

EBV has how many paths of disease development?

A

3

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36
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

E1 and E2

A

genome maintence, support, basal layer

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37
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

suprabasal layer

A

genome maintence / cell proliferation,
e1,e2, e5, e6, e7

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38
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

granular layer

A

virus assembly (L1,L2)

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39
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

cornifed layer

A

viurs release

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40
Q

Hepatits B Virus (HBV) & Hepatits C Virus (HCV)

Hepatits B Virus (HBV) nucleic acid?

A

dsDNA, envelope

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41
Q

Hepatits C Virus (HCV) nucleic acid?

A

ssRNA+ nonsegmented, enveloped

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42
Q

Hepatits B Virus (HBV) & Hepatits C Virus (HCV)

why do you see jaundice?

A

interferes with liver’s ecretion of bile pigments, bilirubin accumulates in the blood

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43
Q

HBV AND HCV

Continuously supplies blood with viruses –

A

chronic infection

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44
Q

Hepatits B Virus (HBV) & Hepatits C Virus (HCV)

Inflammation and continuous stimulation of liver cell growth and repair promotes

A

mutations that lead to
tumor formation

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45
Q

Hepatits B Virus (HBV)

acute phase?

A

early onset symptoms, stool changing colors that eventually get resolved

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46
Q

WHAT VIRUS?

Some patients experience malaise, fever, chills, anorexia,
abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea
- Fever, jaundice, rash, and arthritis in more severe disease
cases
- Small number of patients develop chronic liver disease –
Necrosis and cirrhosis

A

HBV

PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS

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47
Q

PATHOGENESIS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS

Reaches liver cells, multiplies, and releases viruses into blood;
average ____ (TIMES) incubation

A

7-week

48
Q

how does the HBV virus enter?

A

Virus enters through break in skin or mucous membrane or
by injection into bloodstream

49
Q

Hepatits B Virus (HBV)

delta agent

A

Hepatit D Virus, liver failure

50
Q

Hepatits C Virus (HCV)

does it integrate with out genome?

A

no it doesnt

51
Q

Hepatits C Virus (HCV)

antigenic varialiblity in HCV cause what?

A

makes a vaccine very difficult

52
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dna or rna?

A

ssRNA+

53
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

what is a lentivirus?

A

a slow virus, genus of HIV

54
Q

What virus does this? Encode reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme which makes a double stranded DNA from the single-stranded RNA genome

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

55
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

HIV can only infect host cells that have the required

A

CD4 marker plus a co-receptor

56
Q

what makes viral DNA from RNA?

A

reverse transciptase

57
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

HIV enters through

A

mucous membrane or skin and travels to dendritic cells beneath the epithelium, multiplies, and is shed

58
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Virus is taken up and amplified by

A

macrophages in the skin, lymph organs, bone marrow, and blood

59
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

HIV attaches to CD4 and co-receptor; HIV fuses with

A

cell
membrane

60
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Reverse transcriptase enzyme makes a

A

DNA copy of RNA

61
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

What are the stages of HIV infection

A

Stage 0 - indeterminate HIV
Stage 1 - lab confirms HIV
Stage 2- low T cell count
Stage 3- Aids develop
Stage unknown - no infor on T cell

62
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Viral DNA is integrated into host chromosome and Can produce a … what kind of infection?

A

lytic infection or remain latent

63
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

The level of viruses in the blood. Virus levels are high during the

STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

A

initial acute infection and decrease until the later phases of HIV disease and AIDS

64
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Pathology is tied to two factors, one is The level of viruses in the blood. what is the second one?

STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

A
  1. The level of T cells in the blood
65
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Primary effects of HIV infection: (4)

STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

A
  1. Mononucleosis
  2. Extreme leukopenia
  3. Formation of giant T cells and other syncytia
  4. Infected Macrophages
66
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Mononucleosis

STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

A

-like symptoms that soon disappear,

67
Q

what virus has these symptoms?

Fever, headache, myalgia, shortness of breath, cough, sore throat, vomiting, and diarrhea

A

INFLUENZA VIRUS

68
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

CD4 lymphocytes destruction –

STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

A

opportunistic infections and
malignancies during full-blown AIDS

69
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Extreme leukopenia –

STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

A

lymphocytes in particular,

70
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Formation of giant T cells and other syncytia –

STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

A

virus spreads

71
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

Influenza A and B are the two types of influenza that cause

A

epidemic seasonal
infections nearly every year

72
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

influenza is ssRNA (-) and segmented what does that mean?

A

Genome consists of 10 genes encoded on 8
separate RNA strands

73
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Secondary effects of HIV:

STAGES OF HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

A

Asymptomatic phase: 2-15 years (avg. 10), CD4 lymphocytes destruction

74
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

Type A causes

A

most infections

75
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

what is influenza?

A

Acute, highly contagious respiratory illness

76
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

Binds to ciliated cells of

A

respiratory mucosa

77
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

causes rapid shedding of cells, stripping the

A

respiratory epithelium; severe inflammation

78
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

AIDS Defining illness

A

look at powerpoint, click purple first and everytime you look at it increase the color

79
Q

what virus does this?

Weakened host defenses predispose patients to secondary bacterial infections, especially pneumonia

A

INFLUENZA VIRUS

80
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

Hemagglutinin (H) – 15 subtypes; most important virulence factor; binds to

A

host cells via sialic acid

glycoproteins

81
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

Neuraminidase (N) – 9 subtypes – hydrolyzes mucus and assists viral budding and release by

virulence factor

A

cleaving the HA-sialic acid interaction

glycoproteins

82
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

Both glycoproteins frequently undergo genetic changes, decreasing the effectiveness of

A

the host immune response and allowing for new outbreaks

INFLUENZA GLYCOPROTEINS slide

83
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

(~every 20 years)-> exchange of RNA segments between human and animal viruses -> radically new HA or NA acquired= pandemics, what is the term for this?

A

Antigenic shifts

84
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

(every year) -> spontaneous mutations -> slightly altered HA and NA -> endemic infection

A

antigenic drifts

85
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

Virus attaches to, and
multiplies in cells of the

A

respiratory tract

86
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

Segments of RNA
genome enter the

A

nucleus

87
Q

INFLUENZA VIRUS

PATHOGENESIS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS

A

look at slide and review, review at least 5 times

88
Q

what virus has this clinical feature? sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly

A

EBV- Epstein Barr-Virus

89
Q

condyloma acuminata is a feature of what virus?

A

HPV, these are genital warts

90
Q

what virus?

increases risk for hepatocellular cancer

A

HBV infection

91
Q

clinical feature of what virus?

vesicular lesions in oral mucosa

A

HSV - Herpes simplex virus

92
Q

examples of oncogenic virus

A

HBV, HCV,EBV, HPV

93
Q

what virus is not oncogenic?

A

herpes simplex virus

94
Q

EBV Virulence factors

EBNA-2

A

Activates viral (LMP1) and cellular (CD23,c-myc,D1, HES) promoters as heterodimer. promotes cell proliferation

95
Q

EBV Virulence factors

EBNA-5

A

binds to MDM2, thus stabilizaing and inactivating p53 and enhacnes EBNA-2-dependent transcription

96
Q

EBV Virulence factors

LMP-2

A

blocks BCR signaling and block lytic cycle

97
Q

HIV virulence factors

Vpu

A

HIV-1 Facilitates virion assembly and release, induces degradation of CD4

98
Q

all virulence factors

gag

A

Group-specific antigen: core and capsid proteins

99
Q

all virulence factors

int

A

Integrase

100
Q

all virulence factors

pol

A

Polymerase: reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase

101
Q

all virulence factors

pro

A

Protease

102
Q

all virulence factors

env

A

Envelope: glycoproteins

103
Q

HIV virulence factors

tat

A

HIV-1 Transactivation of viral and cellular genes

104
Q

HIV virulence factors

vpr

A

(vox ) HIV-1 Transport of complementary DNA to nucleus, arresting of cell growth; facilitates replication in
macrophages

105
Q

HIV virulence factors

rev

A

HIV-1 Regulation of RNA splicing and promotion of export to cytoplasm

106
Q

HIV virulence factors

Nef

A

HIV-1 Decreases cell surface CD4; facilitates T-cell activation, progression to AIDS (essential)

107
Q

HIV virulence factors

Vif

A

HIV-1 Virus infectivity, promotion of assembly, blocks a cellular antiviral protein

108
Q

all virulence factors

LTR

A

Promoter, enhancer elements

109
Q

HCV Pathogenesis

list 3 symptoms of chronic hepatitis in HCV

A

liver failur, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma

110
Q

HCV acute infection symptoms?

A

recovery and clearance 15%, cirrhosis rapid onset (15%), and persistent infection (70%)

111
Q

what virus do you see this in?

Kaposi sarcoma

A

HIV, a rare vascular cancer, herpes kiss of death

112
Q

hiv

ccr5 binds to

A

gp120

113
Q

Aids dementia is associated with what virus?

A

HIV

hiv pathogenesis

114
Q

severe immunodeficiency from opprtunistic infectios, acrivation of latent viruses, viral-related cancers occurs in what virus?

A

HIV

hiv pathogenesis

115
Q

what virus is an orthomixovirus?

A

influenza

Microbiology (21 decks)

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