Intro to Bacteria Flashcards by Medically Makk

Gram positive = Cell wall?

SO 3

Compare and contrast Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and Gram-indeterminant bacteria.

Cell wall (thick peptidoglycan)–>Cytoplasmic membrane, purple stain, degraded by lysozyme.
* Does have teichoic acid

* No outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide, and endotoxin

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Gram negative

SO 3

Compare and contrast Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and Gram-indeterminant bacteria.

Outer membrane –> periplasmic space–> Cell wall (with thin peptidoglycan)–>Cytoplasmic membrane.
* Resistant to lysozyme degradation
* More resistant to penicillin

* Does have outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide, endotoxin

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Composition and Function ?

DNA nucleoid

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

Comp: DNA, RNA, protein
Func: Genetic information storage and gene expression

from powerpoint

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Composition and Function ?

Chromosome-packaging proteins

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

Comp: Protein
Func: Protection and compaction of genomic DNA

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Composition and Function ?

Enzymes involved in synthesis of DNA, RNA

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

Comp: Protein
Func: Replication of the genome, transcription

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Composition and Function ?

Regulatory factors

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

Comp: Protein, RNA
Func:Control of replication, transcription, and translation

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Composition and Function ?

Ribosomes

so 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

Comp:Protein, RNA
Func:Translation (protein synthesis)

powerpoint

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Composition and Function ?

Plasmid(s) outside nucleoid regions

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

Comp:DNA
Func: Variable, encode non-chromosomal genes for a variety of functions

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Composition and Function ?

Enzymes involved in breaking down substrates

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

Comp:Protein
Func:Energy production, providing anabolic precursors

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Composition and Function ?

Inclusion bodies

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

Comp:Various polymers
Func:Storage of carbon, phosphate, nitrogen, sulfur

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Composition and Function ?

Gas vesicles

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

Comp:Protein
Func: Buoyancy

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Composition and Function ?

Magnetosomes

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

Comp: protein,lipid,iron
Func: Orienting cell during movement

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Composition and Function ?

Cytoskeletal structures

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

Comp: Protein
Func: Guiding cell wall synthesis, cell division, and possibly partitioning of chromosomes during replication

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Location & Function

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) : Lipid, polysaccharide
Gram- negative

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

Location: Outer layer of Gram-negative outer mem-brane; lipid portion embedded in mem-brane; polysaccharide exposed on surface
Function: Stabilizes membrane; elicits an inflammatory response in the human body

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Location & Function

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)
Lipid, polysaccharide

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

Location: Found in peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria
Function: Unknown; elicits an inflammatory response in the human body

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Location & Function

Peptidoglycan:
Polysaccharide backbone crosslinked with peptides

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

Location: In Gram-positive bacteria, usually exposed to environment
Function: Maintains shape and provides structural integrity to cell

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Location & Function

Porins:
Proteins

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

Location: In Gram-negative bacteria, covered by the outer membrane
Function: Form pores that allow diffusion of nutrients and water through outer membrane

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Location & Function

TonB-dependent receptors:
Proteins

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

Location:Embedded in Gram-negative outer membrane
Function: Catalyze high-affinity active transport of molecules across outer membrane

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Location & Function

Flagella:
Protein subunits

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

Location: Extend outward from surface, except in spirochetes, where periplasmic flagella wrap around cell
Function: Provide motility

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Location & Function

Pili:
Protein subunits

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

Location: Extend outward from cell
Function: Allow attachment; tip often binds to specific molecules. In some bacteria, pili are retractable and allow “twitching motility.”

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Location & Function

Capsule:
Usually loose network of polysaccharides

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

Location: Covers surface of cell
Function: Protects from phagocytes; contributes to biofilm information

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Location & Function

Surface array (S-layer):
Protein

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

Location: Covers surface of cell
Function: May protect from bacteriophage

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By-products of bacterial growth specifically fermentation can cause

SO 4,15

Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

can cause damage and problems for the human host

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Degradative enzymes breakdown

SO 4 & 15

Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

breakdown tissues and provide food for the organisms

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# responsible for symptoms of a disease Toxins are produced by many bacteria and directly breakdown | SO 4 & 15 ## Footnote Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

breakdown tissues or start a response from destructive biological activities

Receptor-binding proteins that initiate | SO 4 & 15 ## Footnote Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

toxic reactions in a specific target tissue

Superantigen and endotoxin promote | SO 4 &15 ## Footnote Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

promote excessive and inappropriate stimulation of innate or immune responses

Preformed toxin is in foods (food poisoning) symptoms occur quickly because | SO 4 & 15 ## Footnote Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

bacteria does not need to grow

Exotoxins are proteins produced by | SO 4 & 15 ## Footnote Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

superantigen toxins and endotoxin (lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) | SO 4 & 15 ## Footnote Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

promote excessive or inappropriate stimulation of innate or immune responses.

Superantigens activate large numbers of | SO 4 & 15 ## Footnote Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

T cells to release large amounts (cytokine storm) of interleukins (IL) (including IL-1, IL-2, and IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon (IFN)-γ, and various chemokines, causing life-threatening fever, shock, rash, and autoimmune-like responses

Virulence Factors | SO 5 ## Footnote Describe virulence factors associated with bacterial cells and explain their importance for a microorganism.

contributes to the microbes ability to achieve certain thing

Virulence factors developed ways to regulate | SO 5 ## Footnote Describe virulence factors associated with bacterial cells and explain their importance for a microorganism.

regulate growth and express proteins in response to environment

Virulence factors developed ways to share | SO 5 ## Footnote Describe virulence factors associated with bacterial cells and explain their importance for a microorganism.

DNA in rougher environment including antibiotics

Bacteria create a quorum (large number of bacteria) which is a | SO 5 ## Footnote Describe virulence factors associated with bacterial cells and explain their importance for a microorganism.

sticky web of polysaccharide which holds cells together and to their surface

Adherence can latch on to epithelial lining | SO 5 ## Footnote Describe virulence factors associated with bacterial cells and explain their importance for a microorganism.

using adhesions like the bladder, intestine, and blood vessels (wont be washed away)

Invasion can destroy ______ ______ , induce _______ , or penetrate the cells of the ______ all to gain access | SO 5 ## Footnote Describe virulence factors associated with bacterial cells and explain their importance for a microorganism.

destroy membrane barrier, induce inflammation, or penetrate the cells of the barrier all to gain access

Antigenic mimicry | SO 6 ## Footnote Identify mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves and escape host defenses.

bacteria to mimic host

Antigenic masking | SO 6 ## Footnote Identify mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves and escape host defenses.

look different, cover themselves like host cells

Antigenic shift | SO 6 ## Footnote Identify mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves and escape host defenses.

pandemics, strong change

Production of antiimmunoglobulin proteases | SO 6 ## Footnote Identify mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves and escape host defenses.

IGA

Inhibition of chemotaxis | SO 6 ## Footnote Identify mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves and escape host defenses.

neutrophils

Inhibition of phagolysosome fusion | SO 6 ## Footnote Identify mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves and escape host defenses.

don't fusion lysosome w/ vesicle

Large subdivisions (class, order, family, etc.) are finally classified into individual species designated by a Latin binomial, the first term of which is the genus , | SO 7 ## Footnote Review microbial taxonomy to correctly refer to bacterial organisms.

Staphylococcus (genus) aureus (species)

Staining: growth on agar plates, test the ability of the organism to produce | SO 8 ## Footnote Identify laboratory methods utilized for detecting, identifying, and classifying bacteria.

acidic and gaseous end products when give carbs, the kind of end products produced, and if it produces enzyme activity

Microscopy: detection of bacterial antigens, culture, detection of specific | SO 8 ## Footnote Identify laboratory methods utilized for detecting, identifying, and classifying bacteria.

bacterial nucleic acids, detection of antibody response to the bacteria

# definition detection of an antibody response to the bacteria | SO 8 ## Footnote Identify laboratory methods utilized for detecting, identifying, and classifying bacteria.

serology | term

Biochemical reactions | SO 8 ## Footnote Identify laboratory methods utilized for detecting, identifying, and classifying bacteria.

acidic product, secreted in environment

RT-PCR | SO 8 ## Footnote Identify laboratory methods utilized for detecting, identifying, and classifying bacteria.

PCR-DNA products PCR - real time

is a technique that allows specific sequences of DNA to be amplified | SO 8 ## Footnote Identify laboratory methods utilized for detecting, identifying, and classifying bacteria.

PCR

what do lab diagnostic test do? | SO 9 ## Footnote Describe laboratory diagnostic tests used to differentiate bacteria and diagnose bacterial diseases.

Ability to grow on specific carbon sources and generation of products of metabolism

Endospore stain (Schaeffer-fulton method) | SO 9 ## Footnote Describe laboratory diagnostic tests used to differentiate bacteria and diagnose bacterial diseases.

dyes you add then go through a heating process

Capsule stain | SO 9 ## Footnote Describe laboratory diagnostic tests used to differentiate bacteria and diagnose bacterial diseases.

capsules protects a bacterium from destruction within the phagolysosome of a macrophage or leukocyte, the stain shows how big there are

bacterial growth has transformation of | SO 10 ## Footnote Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

clear broth medium to a turbid suspension

In biofilm formation, growth is spread | SO 10 ## Footnote Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

thinly over an inert surface and nutrition obtained from a bathing fluid

Can be seen by development of colonies | SO 10 ## Footnote Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

bacterial growth

Lag phase: | SO 10 ## Footnote Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

number of cells seem to not change and are maybe preparing for growth

Exponential phase: | SO 10 ## Footnote Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

cells increase at an exponential rate; grow until max achievable rate for the available conditions

Stationary phase: | SO 10 ## Footnote Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

total bacterial cell number reaches a maximum and stabilizes

Decline phase: | SO 10 ## Footnote Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

Log-linear relationship that shows total cell number remains constant, whereas the colony count declines

Different medium designs enable | SO 11 ## Footnote Differentiate between the various types of media.

enable selection, enrichment, identification or defined growth conditions

Brilliant green agar (selective) | SO 11 ## Footnote Differentiate between the various types of media.

brilliant green dye inhibits gram+ bacteria and then selects gram- bacteria | salmonella

Brilliant green agar (differential) | SO 11 ## Footnote Differentiate between the various types of media.

differentiates Shigella colonies (which do not ferment lactose or sucrose and are red to white) from other organisms that do ferment one of those sugars and are yellow to green

Eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) (selective) | SO 11 ## Footnote Differentiate between the various types of media.

selective: medium partially inhibits gram+ bacteria

MacConkey agar (selective) | SO 11 ## Footnote Differentiate between the various types of media.

crsytal violet and bile salts inhibit Gram+ bacteria

Partial clearing and greening of blood= | powerpoint

Alpha-hemolysis, positive for degardation of hemoglobin pigment into bilverdin

no clearing with or without rusting=

gamma-hemolysis, negative for hemolysis

complete clearing of RBCs = | powerpoint

Beta-hemolysis, positive for production of hemolysins

# nutritional/metabolic requirement autotrophs

assimilate carbon from inorganic sources

# nutritional/metabolic requirement heterotrophs

assimilate carbon in preexistong organic form

Selective media: contain bile | SO 11 ## Footnote Differentiate between the various types of media

salts/antibiotics that inhibit the growth of some organisms by have little or no effect on the organisms for whose isolation they were designed

Broth indicator: require pure inoculum of a | so 11 ## Footnote Differentiate between the various types of media

single organism and reveal only one property per formulation

Iron is key and bacteria secretes | so 12 ## Footnote Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

secretes special proteins to pull iron from diluted solutions

will die in oxygen environments | so 12 ## Footnote Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

Obligate anaerobes

Obligate aerobes: | SO 12 ## Footnote Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

need oxygen to survive

Superoxide dismutase converts | so 12 ## Footnote Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

converts superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide | ch 4 med micr

Catalase converts | so 12 ## Footnote Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen | ch 4 med mic

Facultative anaerobes: | so 12 ## Footnote Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

can survive either way oxygen or not

Autotroph is | so 12 ## Footnote Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

bacteria that can survive on inorganic material and carbon

Heterotrophs: | SO 12 ## Footnote Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

bacteria that need organic carbon material to survive

acidophiles | so 4

adapted to grow in lower ph levels

Broth dilution tests: | so 13 ## Footnote Explain the importance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

dilutions of an antibiotic are prepared in a nutrient medium then inoculated with a standardized concentration of the test bacterium