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Microbiology > Intro to Bacteria > Flashcards

Intro to Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gram positive = Cell wall?

SO 3

Compare and contrast Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and Gram-indeterminant bacteria.

A

Cell wall (thick peptidoglycan)–>Cytoplasmic membrane, purple stain, degraded by lysozyme.
* Does have teichoic acid

* No outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide, and endotoxin

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2
Q

Gram negative

SO 3

Compare and contrast Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and Gram-indeterminant bacteria.

A

Outer membrane –> periplasmic space–> Cell wall (with thin peptidoglycan)–>Cytoplasmic membrane.
* Resistant to lysozyme degradation
* More resistant to penicillin

* Does have outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide, endotoxin

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3
Q

Composition and Function ?

DNA nucleoid

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

A

Comp: DNA, RNA, protein
Func: Genetic information storage and gene expression

from powerpoint

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4
Q

Composition and Function ?

Chromosome-packaging proteins

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

A

Comp: Protein
Func: Protection and compaction of genomic DNA

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5
Q

Composition and Function ?

Enzymes involved in synthesis of DNA, RNA

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

A

Comp: Protein
Func: Replication of the genome, transcription

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6
Q

Composition and Function ?

Regulatory factors

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

A

Comp: Protein, RNA
Func:Control of replication, transcription, and translation

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7
Q

Composition and Function ?

Ribosomes

so 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

A

Comp:Protein, RNA
Func:Translation (protein synthesis)

powerpoint

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8
Q

Composition and Function ?

Plasmid(s) outside nucleoid regions

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

A

Comp:DNA
Func: Variable, encode non-chromosomal genes for a variety of functions

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9
Q

Composition and Function ?

Enzymes involved in breaking down substrates

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

A

Comp:Protein
Func:Energy production, providing anabolic precursors

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10
Q

Composition and Function ?

Inclusion bodies

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

A

Comp:Various polymers
Func:Storage of carbon, phosphate, nitrogen, sulfur

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11
Q

Composition and Function ?

Gas vesicles

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

A

Comp:Protein
Func: Buoyancy

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12
Q

Composition and Function ?

Magnetosomes

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

A

Comp: protein,lipid,iron
Func: Orienting cell during movement

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13
Q

Composition and Function ?

Cytoskeletal structures

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell

A

Comp: Protein
Func: Guiding cell wall synthesis, cell division, and possibly partitioning of chromosomes during replication

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14
Q

Location & Function

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) : Lipid, polysaccharide
Gram- negative

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

A

Location: Outer layer of Gram-negative outer mem-brane; lipid portion embedded in mem-brane; polysaccharide exposed on surface
Function: Stabilizes membrane; elicits an inflammatory response in the human body

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15
Q

Location & Function

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)
Lipid, polysaccharide

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

A

Location: Found in peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria
Function: Unknown; elicits an inflammatory response in the human body

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16
Q

Location & Function

Peptidoglycan:
Polysaccharide backbone crosslinked with peptides

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

A

Location: In Gram-positive bacteria, usually exposed to environment
Function: Maintains shape and provides structural integrity to cell

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17
Q

Location & Function

Porins:
Proteins

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

A

Location: In Gram-negative bacteria, covered by the outer membrane
Function: Form pores that allow diffusion of nutrients and water through outer membrane

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18
Q

Location & Function

TonB-dependent receptors:
Proteins

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

A

Location:Embedded in Gram-negative outer membrane
Function: Catalyze high-affinity active transport of molecules across outer membrane

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19
Q

Location & Function

Flagella:
Protein subunits

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

A

Location: Extend outward from surface, except in spirochetes, where periplasmic flagella wrap around cell
Function: Provide motility

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20
Q

Location & Function

Pili:
Protein subunits

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

A

Location: Extend outward from cell
Function: Allow attachment; tip often binds to specific molecules. In some bacteria, pili are retractable and allow “twitching motility.”

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21
Q

Location & Function

Capsule:
Usually loose network of polysaccharides

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

A

Location: Covers surface of cell
Function: Protects from phagocytes; contributes to biofilm information

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22
Q

Location & Function

Surface array (S-layer):
Protein

SO 2

Describe the components of the bacterial cell.

A

Location: Covers surface of cell
Function: May protect from bacteriophage

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23
Q

By-products of bacterial growth specifically fermentation can cause

SO 4,15

Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

A

can cause damage and problems for the human host

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24
Q

Degradative enzymes breakdown

SO 4 & 15

Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

A

breakdown tissues and provide food for the organisms

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25
Q

responsible for symptoms of a disease

Toxins are produced by many bacteria and directly breakdown

SO 4 & 15

Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

A

breakdown tissues or start a response from destructive biological activities

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26
Q

Receptor-binding proteins that initiate

SO 4 & 15

Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

A

toxic reactions in a specific target tissue

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27
Q

Superantigen and endotoxin promote

SO 4 &15

Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

A

promote excessive and inappropriate stimulation of innate or immune responses

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28
Q

Preformed toxin is in foods (food poisoning) symptoms occur quickly because

SO 4 & 15

Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

A

bacteria does not need to grow

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29
Q

Exotoxins are proteins produced by

SO 4 & 15

Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

A

gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

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30
Q

superantigen toxins and endotoxin (lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide [LPS])

SO 4 & 15

Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

A

promote excessive or inappropriate stimulation of innate or immune responses.

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31
Q

Superantigens activate large numbers of

SO 4 & 15

Describe methods of bacterial pathogenesis.

A

T cells to release large amounts (cytokine storm) of interleukins (IL) (including IL-1, IL-2, and IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon (IFN)-γ, and various chemokines, causing life-threatening fever, shock, rash, and autoimmune-like responses

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32
Q

Virulence Factors

SO 5

Describe virulence factors associated with bacterial cells and explain their importance for a microorganism.

A

contributes to the microbes ability to achieve certain thing

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33
Q

Virulence factors developed ways to regulate

SO 5

Describe virulence factors associated with bacterial cells and explain their importance for a microorganism.

A

regulate growth and express proteins in response to environment

34
Q

Virulence factors developed ways to share

SO 5

Describe virulence factors associated with bacterial cells and explain their importance for a microorganism.

A

DNA in rougher environment including antibiotics

35
Q

Bacteria create a quorum (large number of bacteria) which is a

SO 5

Describe virulence factors associated with bacterial cells and explain their importance for a microorganism.

A

sticky web of polysaccharide which holds cells together and to their surface

36
Q

Adherence can latch on to epithelial lining

SO 5

Describe virulence factors associated with bacterial cells and explain their importance for a microorganism.

A

using adhesions like the bladder, intestine, and blood vessels (wont be washed away)

37
Q

Invasion can destroy ______ ______ , induce _______ , or penetrate the cells of the ______ all to gain access

SO 5

Describe virulence factors associated with bacterial cells and explain their importance for a microorganism.

A

destroy membrane barrier, induce inflammation, or penetrate the cells of the barrier all to gain access

38
Q

Antigenic mimicry

SO 6

Identify mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves and escape host defenses.

A

bacteria to mimic host

39
Q

Antigenic masking

SO 6

Identify mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves and escape host defenses.

A

look different, cover themselves like host cells

40
Q

Antigenic shift

SO 6

Identify mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves and escape host defenses.

A

pandemics, strong change

41
Q

Production of antiimmunoglobulin proteases

SO 6

Identify mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves and escape host defenses.

A

IGA

42
Q

Inhibition of chemotaxis

SO 6

Identify mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves and escape host defenses.

A

neutrophils

43
Q

Inhibition of phagolysosome fusion

SO 6

Identify mechanisms by which bacteria defend themselves and escape host defenses.

A

don’t fusion lysosome w/ vesicle

44
Q

Large subdivisions (class, order, family, etc.) are finally classified into individual species designated by a Latin binomial, the first term of which is the genus ,

SO 7

Review microbial taxonomy to correctly refer to bacterial organisms.

A

Staphylococcus (genus) aureus (species)

45
Q

Staining: growth on agar plates, test the ability of the organism to produce

SO 8

Identify laboratory methods utilized for detecting, identifying, and classifying bacteria.

A

acidic and gaseous end products when give carbs, the kind of end products produced, and if it produces enzyme activity

46
Q

Microscopy: detection of bacterial antigens, culture, detection of specific

SO 8

Identify laboratory methods utilized for detecting, identifying, and classifying bacteria.

A

bacterial nucleic acids, detection of antibody response to the bacteria

47
Q

definition

detection of an antibody response to the bacteria

SO 8

Identify laboratory methods utilized for detecting, identifying, and classifying bacteria.

A

serology

term

48
Q

Biochemical reactions

SO 8

Identify laboratory methods utilized for detecting, identifying, and classifying bacteria.

A

acidic product, secreted in environment

49
Q

RT-PCR

SO 8

Identify laboratory methods utilized for detecting, identifying, and classifying bacteria.

A

PCR-DNA products
PCR - real time

50
Q

is a technique that allows specific sequences of DNA to be amplified

SO 8

Identify laboratory methods utilized for detecting, identifying, and classifying bacteria.

A

PCR

51
Q

what do lab diagnostic test do?

SO 9

Describe laboratory diagnostic tests used to differentiate bacteria and diagnose bacterial diseases.

A

Ability to grow on specific carbon sources and generation of products of metabolism

52
Q

Endospore stain (Schaeffer-fulton method)

SO 9

Describe laboratory diagnostic tests used to differentiate bacteria and diagnose bacterial diseases.

A

dyes you add then go through a heating process

53
Q

Capsule stain

SO 9

Describe laboratory diagnostic tests used to differentiate bacteria and diagnose bacterial diseases.

A

capsules protects a bacterium from destruction within the phagolysosome of a macrophage or leukocyte, the stain shows how big there are

54
Q

bacterial growth has transformation of

SO 10

Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

A

clear broth medium to a turbid suspension

55
Q

In biofilm formation, growth is spread

SO 10

Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

A

thinly over an inert surface and nutrition obtained from a bathing fluid

56
Q

Can be seen by development of colonies

SO 10

Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

A

bacterial growth

57
Q

Lag phase:

SO 10

Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

A

number of cells seem to not change and are maybe preparing for growth

58
Q

Exponential phase:

SO 10

Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

A

cells increase at an exponential rate; grow until max achievable rate for the available conditions

59
Q

Stationary phase:

SO 10

Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

A

total bacterial cell number reaches a maximum and stabilizes

60
Q

Decline phase:

SO 10

Describe the phases of bacterial growth.

A

Log-linear relationship that shows total cell number remains constant, whereas the colony count declines

61
Q

Different medium designs enable

SO 11

Differentiate between the various types of media.

A

enable selection, enrichment, identification or defined growth conditions

62
Q

Brilliant green agar (selective)

SO 11

Differentiate between the various types of media.

A

brilliant green dye inhibits gram+ bacteria and then selects gram- bacteria

salmonella

63
Q

Brilliant green agar (differential)

SO 11

Differentiate between the various types of media.

A

differentiates Shigella colonies (which do not ferment lactose or sucrose and are red to white) from other organisms that do ferment one of those sugars and are yellow to green

64
Q

Eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) (selective)

SO 11

Differentiate between the various types of media.

A

selective: medium partially inhibits gram+ bacteria

65
Q

MacConkey agar (selective)

SO 11

Differentiate between the various types of media.

A

crsytal violet and bile salts inhibit Gram+ bacteria

66
Q

Partial clearing and greening of blood=

powerpoint

A

Alpha-hemolysis, positive for degardation of hemoglobin pigment into bilverdin

67
Q

no clearing with or without rusting=

A

gamma-hemolysis, negative for hemolysis

68
Q

complete clearing of RBCs =

powerpoint

A

Beta-hemolysis, positive for production of hemolysins

69
Q

nutritional/metabolic requirement

autotrophs

A

assimilate carbon from inorganic sources

70
Q

nutritional/metabolic requirement

heterotrophs

A

assimilate carbon in preexistong organic form

71
Q

Selective media: contain bile

SO 11

Differentiate between the various types of media

A

salts/antibiotics that inhibit the growth of some organisms by have little or no effect on the organisms for whose isolation they were designed

72
Q

Broth indicator: require pure inoculum of a

so 11

Differentiate between the various types of media

A

single organism and reveal only one property per formulation

73
Q

Iron is key and bacteria secretes

so 12

Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

A

secretes special proteins to pull iron from diluted solutions

74
Q

will die in oxygen environments

so 12

Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

A

Obligate anaerobes

75
Q

Obligate aerobes:

SO 12

Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

A

need oxygen to survive

76
Q

Superoxide dismutase converts

so 12

Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

A

converts superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide

ch 4 med micr

77
Q

Catalase converts

so 12

Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

A

converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

ch 4 med mic

78
Q

Facultative anaerobes:

so 12

Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

A

can survive either way
oxygen or not

79
Q

Autotroph is

so 12

Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

A

bacteria that can survive on inorganic material and carbon

80
Q

Heterotrophs:

SO 12

Identify bacterial metabolic and growth requirements.

A

bacteria that need organic carbon material to survive

81
Q

acidophiles

so 4

A

adapted to grow in lower ph levels

82
Q

Broth dilution tests:

so 13

Explain the importance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

A

dilutions of an antibiotic are prepared in a nutrient medium then inoculated with a standardized concentration of the test bacterium

Microbiology (21 decks)

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