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Humoral Immunity (PP) Flashcards

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1
Q

Fc-gamma-RI (CD64) function and cell distribution?

SO 6

Explain the functional consequences of antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes and their activation.

A
  • phagocyotisis of opsonized pathogens
  • macrophages and neutrophils

leukocyte Fc receptors table

binds IgG1 and IgG2

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2
Q

Fc-gamma-RIIB (CD32) function and cell distribution?

SO 6

Explain the functional consequences of antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes and their activation.

A

-Feedback inhibition of B cells, attenuation of inflammation
- macrophages, B lymphocytes, DCs, mast cells, neutrophils

leukocyte Fc receptors table

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3
Q

Fc-gamma-RIIIA (CD16) function and cell distribution?

SO 6

Explain the functional consequences of antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes and their activation.

A
  • antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
  • NK cells

think: people died at 16
| leukocyte Fc receptors table

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4
Q

Fc-epsilon-RI function and cell distribution?

SO 6

Explain the functional consequences of antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes and their activation.

A
  • activation (degranulation) of mast cells and basophils
  • Mast cells, basophils, eosinophils

leukocyte Fc receptors table

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5
Q

FcRn function?

SO 6

Explain the functional consequences of antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes and their activation.

A

protects and transport IgG during transfer into breastmilk

leukocyte Fc receptors table

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6
Q

Phases and Types of Humoral Immune Responses

One activated B cell may generate a few thousand plasma cells, each of which can produce? what immunoglobulin is a receptor?

A

copious amounts of antibody, IgM

antibody secretion

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7
Q

Phases and Types of Humoral Immune Responses

what is isotype switching?

A

B cells may produce antibodies of different heavy-chain classes (or isotypes) that mediate different effector functions and are specialized to combat different types of microbe

IgG is receptor

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8
Q

Phases and Types of Humoral Immune Responses

what is affinity maturation?

A

The affinity of antibodies specific for microbial proteins increases during the course of a response to microbes and it leads to the production of antibodies with improved capacity to bind to and neutralize microbes and their toxins.

IgG is receptor

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9
Q

T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what type of b cells are apart of T-independent responses are

A

marginal-zone b cells : in the splenic white pulp, and B-1 cells: express antigen receptors of limited diversity and make T-independent IgM responses

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10
Q

T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what type of b-cell is apart of t-dependet antibody responses?

A

follicular b cells

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11
Q

T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what is the outcome for t-dependent antibody responses?

A

antibody class (isotype)- switched, high affinity antibodies; memory b cells, long-lived plasma cells

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12
Q

T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what immunoglobulins are a part of t-dependent antibody responses?

A

IgG,IgA,IgE

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13
Q

Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

IgM is can show

A

actue infection

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14
Q

T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what t-cell helps in T-dependent activation of b cell responses?

A

CD4+ HELPER T-CELL

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15
Q

T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

T-independent responses are

A

short-lived and require the direct activation of B cells by antigens in concert with signals generated by innate immune mechanisms but without a role for T cells

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16
Q

T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

Antibody responses to protein antigens require T cell help, and the antibodies produced typically show

A

heavy-chain class switching and are of high affinity

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17
Q

Phases and Types of Humoral Immune Responses

some long lived activated b cells become …

A

memory b cells

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18
Q

T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what is the result of a t-independent response?

A

mainly IgM, low affinity antibodies; short-lived plasma cells

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19
Q

T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses.

what response is responsible for th eneed for boosters in vaccines?

A

t-independent antibody responses

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20
Q

Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

IgG shows that a person

A

had the disease or they have been vaccinated

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21
Q

Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

In secondary responses to protein antigens, there is increased ?

A

heavy-chain class switching and affinity maturation

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22
Q

Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

what are primary responses?

A

Antibody responses generated during the first exposure to an antigen, lower average affinity

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23
Q

Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

repeat exposure to a antigen is called

A

secondary antibody response

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24
Q

Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

In a secondary response, memory B cells are activated to produce

A

larger amounts of antibodies

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25
Q

Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

there are more IgM in…

A

primary antibody response

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26
Q

Features of primary and secondary antibody responses.

there are more IgG in…

A

the secondary antibody response

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27
Q

Antigen receptor–mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes.

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is critical in regulating

A

early gene transcription in response to T cell receptor–mediated signals in lymphocytes

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28
Q

Antigen receptor–mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes.

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) play critical roles in

A

inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival

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29
Q

Role of Innate Immune Signals in B Cell Activation

B lymphocytes express a receptor for a complement protein that promotes the

A

activation of these cells

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30
Q

Role of Innate Immune Signals in B Cell Activation

what is the most abundant complent protein in the complement system innate immune response?

A

When the complement system is activated by a microbe as part of the innate immune response, the microbe becomes coated with proteolytic fragments of the most abundant complement protein, C3. fragment = c3d

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31
Q

Role of Innate Immune Signals in B Cell Activation

B lymphocytes express a receptor for C3d called

A

complement receptor type 2 (CR2, or CD21)

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32
Q

Role of Innate Immune Signals in B Cell Activation

Engagement of CR2 greatly enhances

A

antigen-dependent activation of B cells by stimulating tyrosine phosphorylation of ITAMs.

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33
Q

Role of innate immune signals in B cell activation.

what is the 2nd time of b-cell activation?

A

microbial antigen binds to a tlr
or a pamp

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34
Q

Functional consequences of antigen receptor–mediated B cell activation.

expression of proteins that promote survival and cell cycling, what is the functional consequence?

A

increased survival proliferation

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35
Q

Functional consequences of antigen receptor–mediated B cell activation.

antigen presentation, what is the functional consequence?

A

interaction with helper t cells

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36
Q

Functional consequences of antigen receptor–mediated B cell activation.

increased expression of cytokine receptors, what is the functional consequence?

A

responsiveness to cytokines

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37
Q

Functional consequences of antigen receptor–mediated B cell activation.

increased expression of CCR7, what is the functional consequence?

A

migration from follicle to t cell zone

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38
Q

Functional consequences of antigen receptor–mediated B cell activation.

generation of plasma cells,what is the functional consequence?

A

antibody secretion

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39
Q

Sequence of events in helper T cell–dependent antibody responses.

The antigen-activated helper T cells and B cells migrate toward one another and interact at the edges of the follicles, where

A

the initial antibody response develops.

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40
Q

Sequence of events in helper T cell–dependent antibody responses.

Antibody-secreting plasma cells are initially produced in the

A

extrafollicular focus where the antigen-activated T and B cells interact.

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41
Q

Sequence of events in helper T cell–dependent antibody responses.

Some of the helper T cells differentiate further into

A

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells

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42
Q

Sequence of events in helper T cell–dependent antibody responses.

these Tfh cells and some activated B cells migrate back into the follicle to form the

A

germinal center, where the antibody response develops fully

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43
Q

Sequence of events in helper T cell–dependent antibody responses.

Activated T cells reduce expression of the chemokine receptor ____ , which recognizes chemokines produced in T cell zones, and increase expression of the chemokine receptor ____

A

CCR7, CXCR5

reduce ccr7 increase cxcr5

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44
Q

Sequence of events in helper T cell–dependent antibody responses.

Activated B cells undergo precisely the opposite changes, decreasing ___ and increasing ___ expression

A

CXCR5, CCR7

decrease cxcr5 and increast ccr7

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45
Q

The B lymphocytes that bind protein antigens by their

Antigen presentation by B lymphocytes to helper T cells.

A

membrane Ig antigen receptors endocytose these antigens

46
Q

In order to generate strong antibody responses against a microbial polysaccharide, the polysaccharide is ____ (in this case, tetanus toxoid)

The principle of conjugate vaccines: the hapten-carrier concept.

A

coupled to a protein

47
Q

B cells internalize the antigen, process it, and present peptides attached to

Antigen presentation by B lymphocytes to helper T cells.

A

class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to helper T cells

48
Q

B cells that recognize the polysaccharide ingest it and present peptides from the protein to helper T cells, which stimulate the

The principle of conjugate vaccines: the hapten-carrier concept.

A

polysaccharide-specific B cells.

49
Q

step 3 of process

what cells induce a response to polysaccharides?

The principle of conjugate vaccines: the hapten-carrier concept.

A

isotype switching, affinity maturation, and long-lived plasma cells and memory cells

50
Q

Activated helper T lymphocytes that recognize antigen presented by B cells use

Mechanisms of Helper T Cell – Mediated Activation of B Lymphocytes

A

CD40 ligand (CD40L) and secreted cytokines to activate the antigen-specific B cells

51
Q

CD40L expressed on activated helper T cells binds

Mechanisms of Helper T Cell – Mediated Activation of B Lymphocytes

A

to CD40 on B lymphocytes

52
Q

Engagement of CD40 generates signals in the B cells that stimulate

Mechanisms of Helper T Cell – Mediated Activation of B Lymphocytes

A

proliferation and the synthesis and secretion of antibodies

53
Q

Many of the events in fully developed antibody responses occur in

Extrafollicular and Germinal Center Reactions

A

germinal centers

54
Q

Some of the activated helper T cells express high levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR5, which draws these cells into the

Extrafollicular and Germinal Center Reactions

A

adjacent follicles

55
Q

The CD4 + T cells that migrate into B cell–rich follicles are called

Extrafollicular and Germinal Center Reactions

A

follicular helper T (Tfh) cells

56
Q

Tfh cells and their immediate precursors in the extrafollicular focus may secrete cytokines

Extrafollicular and Germinal Center Reactions

A

interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13]

57
Q

the dark zone has a lot of

Extrafollicular and Germinal Center Reactions

A

proliferation of B cells

58
Q

Germinal center B cells in the dark zone mutate their Ig genes at an extremely high rate, a process called

The germinal center reaction.

A

somatic hypermutation

59
Q

light zone is where

The germinal center reaction.

A

a B cell is picked and tested

60
Q

B cells with the ______-affinity Ig receptors are selected to survive

The germinal center reaction.

A

highest-affinity Ig receptors

61
Q

what do B cells differeniate into before they leave the germinal center

The germinal center reaction.

A

they differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells, which leave the germinal center

62
Q

some B cells become memory or plasma cells awhile others are

The germinal center reaction.

A

mirate back into the lymphoid follicle and with Tfh cells they begin to divide rapidly.

63
Q

what is IgM effector function?

Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain class (isotype) switching.

A

complement activation

64
Q

what Ig has immunity against helminths and mast cell degranulation and is produced through cyokines (IL-4 &IL-13) ?

Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain class (isotype) switching.

A

IgE

65
Q

what is IgG effector function?

Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain class (isotype) switching.

A
  1. Fc receptor-dependent phagocytosis and phagocyte activation
  2. complement activation
  3. neonatal immunity (placental transfer)
66
Q

what Ig has Mucosal immunity?

Immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain class (isotype) switching.

A

IgA, transport of Iga through epithelia

67
Q

Affinity maturation is the process by which

Selection of high-affinity B cells in germinal centers.

A

the affinity of antibodies produced in response to a protein antigen increases with prolonged or repeated exposure to that antigen

68
Q

what region us somatically mutated in B cells?

Selection of high-affinity B cells in germinal centers.

A

the Ig V genes are mutated

69
Q

where to B cells with high -affinity membrane Ig bind antigens on?

Selection of high-affinity B cells in germinal centers.

A

bind on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and present antigen to helper T cells

70
Q

B cells with the best recogniation and can interact with Tfh cells do what?

Selection of high-affinity B cells in germinal centers.

A

receive help, survive, proliferate, and differentiate

71
Q

T-independent antigen

Features of antibody responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigens.

A
  • little to no affinity maturation
  • short-lived
  • no memory B cells
72
Q

features of T-dependent antigens

Features of antibody responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigens.

A
  • Affintity maturation
  • Longlived plasma cells
  • produced memory B cells
73
Q

Fc only binds to

Mechanism of antibody feedback.

A

Fc regions on antibodies

74
Q

Fc receptors block activating signals from the antigen receptor, terminating

Mechanism of antibody feedback.

A

terminating B cell activation.

75
Q

ITIM is

Mechanism of antibody feedback.

A

an inhibition motif

76
Q

Effector functions of antibodies.
Review slide

A
77
Q

FcRn is found in the endosomes of endothelial cells and phagocytes, where it binds

Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) contributes to the long half-life of IgG molecules.

A

to IgG that has been taken up by the cells.

78
Q

what binds in the endosome?

Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) contributes to the long half-life of IgG molecules.

A

FcRn and IgG bind in the endosome

79
Q

what happens after the recycling of the endosome?

Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) contributes to the long half-life of IgG molecules.

A

FcRn-IgG complexes recycle back to the cell surface, where they are exposed to the neutral pH (∼7) of the blood, which releases the bound antibody back into the circulation or tissue fluid

80
Q

A. Antibody blocks penetration of what? through what?

Neutralization of microbes and toxins by antibodies.

A

a microbe through epithelial barrier

81
Q

B. antibody blocks binding of microbes and

Neutralization of microbes and toxins by antibodies.

A

infection of cells

82
Q

C. antibody blocks binding of toxin to

Neutralization of microbes and toxins by antibodies.

A

cellular receptor

83
Q

Antibodies coat microbes and promote their

Antibody-mediated opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes.

A

ingestion by phagocytes

84
Q

NK cells express an Fcγ receptor called

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

A

FcγRIII (CD16)

85
Q

once NK cells are activated what do they do?

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

A

kill antibody-coated cells

86
Q

Mast cells express the high-affinity IgE receptor

Immunoglobulin E – and Mast Cell – Mediated Reactions

A

FcεRI, which binds IgE and leads to activation of the cells

87
Q

The immune response to helminthic parasites is dominated by

Immunoglobulin E – and Mast Cell – Mediated Reactions

A

T helper 2 (Th2) cell activation

88
Q

what cell and cytokine can activate eosinphils? what do eosinophils do?

Immunoglobulin E – and Mast Cell – Mediated Reactions

A

eosinophils can be activated by the Th2 cytokine IL-5 independent of antibody and release their granule contents, which can destroy the thick integuments of helminths.

89
Q

Early steps of complement activation.

A

Review powerpoint

90
Q

The late steps of complement activation lead to the formation of a

Late steps of complement activation.

A

cytolytic protein complex.

91
Q

Opsonization

The functions of complement.

A

Microbes coated with C3b are phagocytosed by virtue of C3b being recognized by complement receptor type 1 (CR1, or CD35), which is expressed on phagocytes.

92
Q

Inflammation

The functions of complement.

A

The small peptide fragments C3a and C5a, which are produced by proteolysis of C3 and C5,

93
Q

Cell lysis : result in the complement system

The functions of complement.

A

The MAC can induce osmotic lysis of cells

94
Q

The complement system plays an important role in the

A

elimination of microbes during innate and adaptive immune responses.

95
Q

Regulation of complement activation.

A

review slide

96
Q

C1 inhibitor

Regulation of complement activation.

A

Inhibits C1r and C1s serine protease activity

97
Q

Factor I

Regulation of complement activation.

A

Proteolytically cleaves C3b and C4b

98
Q

FACTOR H

Regulation of complement activation.

A
  • Causes dissociation of alternative pathway C3 convertase subunits
  • Co-factor for Factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b
99
Q

C4 binding protein (C4BP)

Regulation of complement activation.

A
  • Causes dissociation of classical pathway C3 convertase subunits
  • Co-factor for Factor I-mediated cleavage of C4b
100
Q

Membrane co-factor protein epithelial cells,
(MCP, CD46)

function? and distribution

Regulation of complement activation.

A
  • Co-factor for Factor |-mediated cleavage of C3b and C4b
  • Leukocytes, endothelial cells, epithelial cells
101
Q

Decay acelerating fa
(DAF)

function? and distribution

Regulation of complement activation.

A
  • Blocks formation of C3 convertase
  • Blood cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells
102
Q

CD59

function? and distribution

Regulation of complement activation.

A
  • Blocks C9 binding and prevents formation epithelial cells of the MAC
  • Blood cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells
103
Q

Type 1
complement receptor (CR1, CD35)

function? and distribution

Regulation of complement activation.

A
  • Causes dissociation of C3 convertase subunits
  • Co-factor for Factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b and C4b eosinophils,
  • distribution: Mononuclear phagocytes,neutrophils, B and T cells, erythrocytes FDCs
104
Q

microbes can block phagocytosis by

Evasion of humoral immunity by microbes.

A

a hyaluronic acid capsule

105
Q

inhibition of what can a microbe do to evade humoral immunity

Evasion of humoral immunity by microbes.

A

inhibit complement activation

106
Q

antigenic variation

Evasion of humoral immunity by microbes.

A

a method of evading hurmaol immuty, so more look at the book

107
Q

live attenuated or killed, bacteria ( example?)

Vaccination strategies.

A

Pertussis, BCG, cholera

108
Q

live attenuated viruses , examples

Vaccination strategies.

A

influenza A, measles, mumps, rubella, rabies

109
Q

recombinant rotein subunit vaccines

Vaccination strategies.

A

HPV, HBV

110
Q

modified protein

Vaccination strategies.

A

tetanus toxid, diphtheria toxid

111
Q

conjuate vaccines

Vaccination strategies.

A

Haemophilus influenzae, strep pneumoniae

helper t cell antibody repsonse to polysaccharide antigens

112
Q

mRNA vaccines

Vaccination strategies.

A

SARS-Cov2

Microbiology (21 decks)

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