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Microbiology > Intro to Viruses (PP) > Flashcards

Intro to Viruses (PP) Flashcards

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1
Q

Viral Replication

Antibody receptor antagonist

powerpoint

A

Step 1: Recognition of target cell

Step 2: Attachment

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2
Q

Step 1 of Viral replication

A

Recognition of target cell

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3
Q

Step 2 of Viral replication

A

Attachment

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4
Q

Step 3 of Viral replication

A

Penetration

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5
Q

Step 4 of Viral replication

A

Uncoating
antivirals = amantadine, arildone, rimantadine, tromantadine

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6
Q

Step 5 of Viral replication

A

Transcription
antivirals: interferon, antisense oligomers

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7
Q

Step 6 of Viral replication

A

Protein synthesis (translation), antivirals: interferon

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8
Q

Step 7 of Viral replication

A

Replication

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9
Q

Step 8 of Viral replication

A

Assembly, antirvirals: protease inhibitors

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10
Q

Step 9 of Viral replication

A

Lysis and release or budding and release

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11
Q

VIRUSES IN HUMAN INFECTIONS AND DISEASES

Viruses are obligate ____ ___-

A

intracellular parasites

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12
Q

VIRUSES IN HUMAN INFECTIONS AND DISEASES

Viruses ____ (can/cannot) make energy or proteins independently of a host cell

A

can not, they need the host cell

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13
Q

VIRUSES IN HUMAN INFECTIONS AND DISEASES

All DNA viruses are double-stranded expect for ….

A

except for parvoviruses, which have ssDNA

ss= single stranded

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14
Q

VIRUSES IN HUMAN INFECTIONS AND DISEASES

All RNA viruses are single-stranded except for ____ ___

A

except for dsRNA reoviruses

double stranded RNA reoviruses

respiratory entreric orphans

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15
Q

DNA VIRUSES

name the 4 DNA viruses

A

HSV, EBV, HBV, HPV

Herpes, Epstein-Barr, Hepatitis B, and Human Papillomavirus

Triple HE

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16
Q

RNA VIRUSES

Name the 3 rna viruses?

A

influenza, Hepatitis C, and HIV 1&2

DOUBLE HI

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16
Q

VIRAL STRUCTURES

what type of capsid can antibodies recognize well?

A

naked capsid

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16
Q

VIRAL STRUCTURES

3 things in the enveloped virus

A

lipid bilayer, structural protein, glycoprotein

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16
Q

VIRAL STRUCTURES

what does enveloped viruses have?

A

contains lots of glycoproteins, the participate in cell mediated response and antibody response

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16
Q

Herpesviruses are

A

enveloped double stranded dna

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16
Q

influenza is a

A

enveloped single stranded rna virus with segmented genome, orthomyxoviruses

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16
Q

VIRAL REPLICATION

Viruses are limited to __ (2 things )

A

a particular host (host range) or cell type (cellular tropism)

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17
Q

VIRAL REPLICATION

Many viruses are strictly

A

human in origin

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17
Q

VIRAL REPLICATION

Most DNA viruses multiply within and are budded off

A

the nucleus (except Poxviruses)

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17
Q

VIRAL REPLICATION

Most RNA viruses multiply in and are released from the

A

cytoplasm (except Orthomyxoviruses and Retroviruses)

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18
Q

VIRAL pathways

nucleotide biosynthesis and mutation drug?

A

ribavirin

treats hcv

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19
Q

thymidine kinase (drug activation) , what are the drugs

A

acyclovir, penciclovir

treats herpes

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20
Q

neuraminidase, drug names?

A

zanamivir, oseltamivir

treats influenza A/B

21
Q

PROPERTIES OF DNA VIRUSES

DNA is not …

A

transient or labile.

hearty adn sticks around longer

22
Q

PROPERTIES OF DNA VIRUSES

The larger DNA viruses encode means to

A

promote efficient replication of their genome.

herpes is a large virus

23
Q

PROPERTIES OF DNA VIRUSES

DNA polymerases require a primer to

A

replicate the viral genome.

24
Q

PROPERTIES OF DNA VIRUSES

Viral gene transcription is temporally regulated. Early genes encodes …

A

DNA-binding proteins and enzymes.

25
Q

PROPERTIES OF DNA VIRUSES

Viral gene transcription is temporally regulated.Late genes encode

A

structural and other proteins.

26
Q

PROPERTIES OF DNA VIRUSES

Viral DNA resembles host DNA for …

A

transcription and replication

27
Q

PROPERTIES OF DNA VIRUSES

DNA genomes

A

reside in the nucleus

28
Q

what does it do?

Papillomavirus

A

: stimulates cell growth and DNA synthesis.

29
Q

Hepadnavirus

A

: stimulates cell growth, cell makes RNA intermediate, encodes a reverse transcriptase.

dna reverse, the dna tha changed to a rna

30
Q

Herpesvirus

A

: stimulates cell growth, encodes its own polymerase and enzymes to provide deoxyribonucleotides for DNA synthesis, establishes latent infection in host.

31
Q

Poxvirus

A

: encodes its own polymerases and enzymes to provide deoxyribonucleotides for DNA synthesis, replication machinery, and transcription machinery in the cytoplasm.

32
Q

PROPERTIES OF RNA VIRUSES

RNA is

A

labile and transient.

degraded easily

33
Q

PROPERTIES OF RNA VIRUSES

Most RNA viruses replicate

A

replicate in the cytoplasm.

34
Q

PROPERTIES OF RNA VIRUSES

Cells cannot replicate RNA. RNA viruses must encode an

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

35
Q

PROPERTIES OF RNA VIRUSES

The genome structure determines the mechanism of (2 things)

A

transcription and replication.

36
Q

PROPERTIES OF RNA VIRUSES

RNA viruses are prone to

A

mutation

mutate quicker

37
Q

PROPERTIES OF RNA VIRUSES

RNA viruses, except for (+) RNA genome, must carry

A

polymerases

our mrna is +sense, some viruses that are + sense use us.

38
Q

PROPERTIES OF RNA VIRUSES

all (−) RNA viruses are

A

enveloped

39
Q

rna examples

(+) RNA genome resembles mRNA and is translated into a ________ , which is proteolyzed. A (−) RNA template
is used for _______.

A

polyprotein, replication

Picornaviruses, Hepeviruses, Astroviruses, Togaviruses, Flaviviruses, Caliciviruses, and Coronaviruses

40
Q

rna examples

(−) RNA genome is a template for individual mRNAs, but the full-length (+) RNA template is required for
….

A

replication

Orthomyxoviruses, Paramyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses, Filoviruses, and Bunyaviruses

41
Q

rna examples

Orthomyxoviruses replicate and transcribe in the nucleus, and each segment of the genome encodes …..

A

one mRNA and is a template.

42
Q

rna examples

(+) Retrovirus RNA genome is converted into DNA, which is integrated into the host chromatin and ____-

Retroviruses

A

transcribed as
a cellular gene.

43
Q

VIRAL DISEASE

Course of viral disease: invasion at portal of entry and primary infection; some viruses replicate locally, others
enter the circulation and infect other

A

tissues

44
Q

VIRAL DISEASE

Chronic infections

A

virus detectable in tissue
samples, multiplying at a slow rate; symptoms mild or absent

45
Q

VIRAL DISEASE

In a lytic cycle, the virus introduces its genome into a host cell and initiates replication by …

A

hijacking the host’s cellular machinery to make new copies of the virus.

46
Q

VIRAL DISEASE

Latent infections

A

after a lytic cycle, virus
enters a dormant phase; generally, not detectable; can reactivate and result in recurrent infections

47
Q

VIRAL DISEASE

lysis definition

A

the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane.

48
Q

VIRAL DISEASE

Oncogenic DNA viruses

A

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV),human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV

49
Q

VIRAL DISEASE

Oncogenic RNA viruses

A

: hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1).

50
Q

VIRAL GENETICS

Mutations spontaneously and readily occur in viral genomes, creating new virus strains with

A

properties different from the parental or wildtype virus

51
Q

VIRAL GENETICS

Mutations in essential genes can…

A

inactivate the virus (lethal mutations)

52
Q

VIRAL GENETICS

Mutations in other genes may produce antiviral drug resistance or alter the

A

antigenicity or pathogenicity ofthe virus

53
Q

VIRAL GENETICS

Viral polymerases are error prone and generate many

A

mutations during replication of the genome

54
Q

VIRAL GENETICS

RNA viruses lack a genetic

A

error-checking mechanism

55
Q

VIRAL GENETICS

New virus strains can also arise by genetic interactions between viruses or between

A

the virus and the cell

56
Q

VIRAL GENETICS

Viruses with segmented genomes (e.g., influenza viruses and reoviruses) form hybrid strains on infection of one
cell with more than one virus strain, that is called?

A

reassortment

57
Q

VIRAL VECTORS FOR THERAPY

Viruses that are being developed as vectors include

A

retroviruses, adenoviruses, HSV, an adeno-associated virus (parvovirus), poxviruses (e.g., vaccinia and canarypox) and even some togaviruses

58
Q

antigenic shift causes changes in rna strands. what virus?

A

influenza

59
Q

cytopathic, meaning that

A

cells are killed during the course of infection,

60
Q

budding,

A

part of the host cell membrane becomes part of the virus.

Microbiology (21 decks)

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