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Microbiology > Intro to Helminths > Flashcards

Intro to Helminths Flashcards

1
Q

Nematodes reproduction?

A

separate sexes

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2
Q

Trematodes reproduction?

A

hermaphroditic (schistosome group has separate sexes)

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3
Q

Cestodes reproduction?

A

hermaphroditic

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4
Q

PATHOGENESIS OF NEMATODES (ROUNDWORMS)

what 2 worms?

A

Acaris lumbricoides and wuchereia bancrofti

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5
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides have what type of host?

A

humans and swine

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6
Q

Occasionally, Ascaris eggs may be found in

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

A

dog feces

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7
Q

Ascariasis is the ____ ____ ____ helminthic infection globally

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

most common human

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8
Q

The burden is highest in _____ & ___ regions, especially in areas with inadequate/poor sanitation

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

tropical and subtropical

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9
Q

Common in areas where human feces are used as

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

fertilizer

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10
Q

Infection is generally ____ to absent in developed countries, but sporadic cases may occur in rural,____ regions of those countries.

Ascaris lumbricoides

A
  • rare
  • impoverished
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11
Q

Some cases in these areas where human transmission is negligible have direct epidemiologic associations to

Ascaris lumbricoides

A
  • pig farms
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12
Q

Adult worms usually cause __ acute symptoms

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES CLINICAL FEATURES

A

no

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13
Q

Heavy infections in children may cause ____ growth because of ____

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES CLINICAL FEATURES

A
  • stunted
  • malnutrition
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14
Q

clinical feature of what worm?

High worm burdens may cause fever, vomiting, distention, abdominal pain, and intestinal obstruction and potentially perforation in very high intensity infections

A

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES CLINICAL FEATURES

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15
Q

Because the worm has a tough, flexible body, it can occasionally perforate the intestine, creating ____ with _____ _____

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES CLINICAL FEATURES

A

peritonitis with secondary bacterial infection

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16
Q

Migrating adult worms may cause symptomatic occlusion of the biliary tract (resulting in liver and

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES CLINICAL FEATURES

A

damage tissue), appendicitis, or nasopharyngeal expulsion

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17
Q

Ascaris may produce pneumonitis resembling an ____ ____

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES CLINICAL FEATURES

A

asthmatic attack

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18
Q

____ are long, slender roundworms that are parasites of blood, lymph, subcutaneous, and connective tissues

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

A

Filariae

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19
Q

Most produce larval worms called

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

A

microfilariae

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20
Q

Transmitted by ___ or ____

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

A

mosquitoes or biting flies

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21
Q

W. bancrofti is transmitted by many different mosquito genera/species, depending on geographical

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

A

distribution: Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culex spp., Mansonia spp., and Coquillettida juxtamansonia.

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22
Q

Occurs in ____ and ____ areas

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

A

tropical and subtropical

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23
Q

what worm?

It is currently endemic throughout Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding the southern portion of the continent), Madagascar, several Western Pacific Island nations, and territories and parts of the Caribbean

A

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

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24
Q

_____ ____ also occurs sporadically in South America, India, and Southeast Asia

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI

A

Bancroftian filariasis

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25
Q

In some patients, there is no sign of disease, even though blood specimens may show the presence of

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

A

microfilariae

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26
Q

In other patients, early acute symptoms include fever, lymphangitis and

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

A

lymphadenitis with chills, and recurrent febrile attacks

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27
Q

The acute presentation results from the inflammatory response to the presence of molting adolescent worms and dead or dying adults within the(think in the body)

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

A

lymphatic vessels

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28
Q

Physical obstruction of lymph in the vessels caused by the presence of adult worms causes enlargement of the lymph nodes, including the enlargement of the extremities, the scrotum, and the testes, with occasional abscess formation

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

A

progresses to filarial elephantiasis

29
Q

Affected limbs become grossly swollen; the skin may become thick and pitted, and secondary infection are frequent due to

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

A

lymphatic dysfunction

30
Q

Lymphangitis, lymphadenopathy, and eosinophilia may accompany infection in the

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

A

in the early stages.

31
Q

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) is a syndrome caused by immune hyperresponsiveness to

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

A

microfilariae trapped in the lungs

32
Q

what disease and worm?

Patient presents with wheezing, chest pain, splenomegaly, and bloody sputum

A

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE)

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

33
Q

what disease and worm?

Paroxysmal cough and wheezing are usually nocturnal, weight loss, low-grade fever, and adenopathy and pronounced blood eosinophilia (≥3000 eosinophils/μl)

A

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE)

WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI CLINICAL FEATURES

34
Q

Pathogenesis of Cestodes

A

review slide

35
Q

One of largest tapeworms infecting humans (20 to 30 feet long)

A

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

36
Q

Occurs worldwide, most prevalently in cool lake regions where ___ or ___ ___ is popular

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

A

raw or pickled fish

37
Q

Intermediate and paratenic hosts include a wide diversity of freshwater and marine fishes, commonly

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

A

perch and pike

38
Q

The global trade and consumption of wild-caught fish leads to human cases occurring regularly

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

A

outside of naturally endemic regions

39
Q

what worm?

In addition to humans, other carnivorous, fish-eating mammals, and a few birds can also serve as hosts

A

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

40
Q

what worm?

Non-human hosts include a variety of carnivorous mammals: canids, felids, bears, and mustelids

A

(weasels, badgers, otters, ferrets, martens, minks and wolverines)

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

41
Q

what worm?

Dumping raw sewage into freshwater lakes contributes to propagation of this tapeworm

A

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

42
Q

Most infections are

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM

A

asymptomatic

43
Q

Symptoms include epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss

A

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

44
Q

As many as 40% of D. latum carriers may have low serum levels of

A

vitamin B12

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

45
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

(vitamin B12 deficiency)

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

46
Q

D. latum absorbs approximately ____ of dietary vitamin B12

A

80% of dietary

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

47
Q

____ can be a long-lasting infection (up to 25 years)

A

Diphyllobothriasis

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

48
Q

Aberrant migration of proglottids can cause ____ or ____

A

cholecystitis or cholangitis

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

49
Q

Massive infections may cause

A

intestinal obstruction

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

50
Q

what worm?

Neurologic manifestations include numbness, paresthesia, and loss of vibration sense

A

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM CLINICAL FEATURES

51
Q

Schistosomiasis (____, ____): major parasitic infection of tropical areas; ≈230 million infections worldwide

A

bilharziasis, snail fever

SCHISTOSOMA SPP.

52
Q

Ways Schistosomes differ from other flukes:

Schistosoma Spp.

A
  • male and female sexes (not hermaphroditic)
  • oral and ventral suckers
  • incomplete digestive system
53
Q

what worm?

Intermediate hosts are snails of the genera Biomphalaria (S. mansoni), Oncomelania (S. japonicum), Bulinus (S. haematobium)

A

Schistosoma Spp.

Bio-man,no melanin in japan, bul mat

54
Q

where is the reservoir?

S. mansoni: most widely distributed; endemic in Africa, Saudi Arabia, Madagascar; has also become established in some South American countries (Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname) and the Caribbean

A

Reservoir hosts include primates, marsupials, and rodents

Schistosoma Spp.

55
Q

S. japonicum (Oriental blood fluke):

A

found only in China, the Philippines, and on the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia
Despite its name, it has long been eliminated from Japan

Schistosoma Spp.

56
Q

 Reservoir hosts include cattle, dogs, cats, rodents, pigs, horses, and goats

A

 S. japonicum (Oriental blood fluke): found only in China, the Philippines, and on the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia

Schistosoma Spp.

57
Q

where is the reservoir?

S. haematobium: occurs predominantly throughout the Nile Valley and many other parts of Africa

A

Reservoir hosts include monkeys, baboons, and chimpanzees

Schistosoma Spp.

58
Q

Many infections are

SCHISTOSOMA CLINICAL FEATURES

A

asymptomatic

Schistosoma Spp.

59
Q

Disease results primarily from

Schistosoma Spp.

A

host immune response to eggs; clinical significance directly related to number and location of eggs

60
Q

A local cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction following skin penetration by

A

cercariae may occur and appears as small, itchy maculopapular lesions.

Schistosoma Spp.

61
Q

____ ___ is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction that may occur weeks after the initial infection, especially by S.mansoni and S. japonicum.

A

Acute schistosomiasis (Katayama fever)

Schistosoma Spp.

62
Q

Manifestations include systemic symptoms/signs including fever, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea,

A

hepatosplenomegaly, and eosinophilia.

Schistosoma Spp.

63
Q

Occasionally, Schistosoma infections may lead to

Schistosoma Spp.

A

central nervous system lesions.

64
Q

Cerebral granulomatous disease may be caused by ectopic S. japonicum eggs in the brain, and

Schistosoma Spp.

A

granulomatous lesions around ectopic eggs in the spinal cord may occur in S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections.

65
Q

Continuing infection may cause granulomatous reactions and

A

fibrosis in the affected organs (e.g., liver and spleen) with associated signs/symptoms

Schistosoma Spp.

66
Q

Pathology associated with S. mansoni and S. japonicum schistosomiasis includes various hepatic complications from inflammation and granulomatous

A

reactions, and occasional embolic egg granulomas in brain or spinal cord.

Schistosoma Spp.

67
Q

Pathology of S. haematobium schistosomiasis includes hematuria, scarring, calcification, squamous cell carcinoma, and occasional embolic egg

Schistosoma Spp.

A

granulomas in brain or spinal cord.

68
Q

Clinical manifestations of chronic infection: hepatosplenomegaly and cirrhosis, esophageal varices, bladder neck obstruction, squamous cell bladder

Schistosoma Spp.

A

carcinoma, transverse myelitis, and other forms of central nervous system involvement

Microbiology (21 decks)

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