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Microbiology > Intro to Protozoans pt2 > Flashcards

Intro to Protozoans pt2 Flashcards

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1
Q

PLASMODIUM SPP. causes

A

malaria

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2
Q

the two species of the PLASMODIUM SPP.

A

P. falciparum and P. vivax infection

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3
Q

how does it interact?

_______ _____ sporozoan

PLASMODIUM SPP.

A

Obligate intracellular

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4
Q

Targets ______

PLASMODIUM SPP.

A

red blood cells

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5
Q

Lack ______ ______ in the trophozoite state

PLASMODIUM SPP.

A

locomotor organelles

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6
Q

Alternate between ____ & ____ and between different animal hosts

PLASMODIUM SPP.

A

sexual and asexual phases

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7
Q

Most form specialized infective bodies that are transmitted by _____ ____ , food, water, or other means

PLASMODIUM SPP.

A

arthropod vectors

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8
Q

what protozoan is this?

Female Anopheles mosquito is the primary vector

A

PLASMODIUM SPP.

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9
Q

spread by ____ ____ and mother to fetus

A

blood transfusions

PLASMODIUM SPP.

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10
Q

what protozoa

300-500 million new cases each year and 2 million deaths/year

A

PLASMODIUM SPP.

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11
Q

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

where does the Asexual phase take place?

A

human

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12
Q

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

where does the Sexual phase take place?

A

mosquito

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13
Q

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Infected female mosquito injects asexual sporozoites which

A

travel to the liver

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14
Q

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

schizogony (asexual division) generates

A

generates merozoites

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15
Q

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

merozoites that enter ____ in 5-16 days depending on the plasmodial species

A

circulation

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16
Q

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Merozoites attach to and enter

A

red blood cells

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17
Q

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Merozoites attach to and enter red blood
cells, convert to ________ and
multiply;

A

trophozoites

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18
Q

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

red cell bursts releasing ____ that differentiate into

A

merozoites,
gametes

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19
Q

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Mosquito draws infected RBCs; gametes
fertilize forming ____ cell which forms
____ in stomach

A
  • diploid
  • sporozoites
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20
Q

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Sporozoites lodge in _____ ____ ;
available to infect human host

A

salivary glands

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21
Q

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Infective stage

A

Mosquito takes a blood meal (injects sporozorites)

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22
Q

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

Diagnostic stage

A

Ring stage : immature trophozoite,
mature trophozoite, schizont,

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23
Q

Asexual phase:how do they enter?

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

A

During the phase in humans, sporozoites enter a capillary with the saliva of a feeding mosquito

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24
Q

Exoerythrocytic phase

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

A

Sporozoites invade the cells of the liver and undergo division and release large numbers of merozoites.

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25
Q

Erythrocytic phase.

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

A
  1. Merozoites enter the circulation and invade red blood cells. Infection gives rise to a prominent phase-the ring trophozoite-in blood cells.
  2. Shizogony of this form produces additional merozoites that burst out and continue the infection cycle
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26
Q

Gametocyte phase.

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

A

Some of the red blood cells enter the sexual cycle by giving rise to male and female gametocytes, which infect another mosquito when it feeds on the blood

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27
Q

Sexual phase.

LIFE CYCLE : PLASMODIUM SPP.

A

Final development occurs in the mosquito. It involves complex stages that ultimately produce the infectious sporozoite.

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28
Q

what protozoa?

Symptoms include episodes of chills-fever-sweating (cycle), anemia, headache, splenomegaly

A

PLASMODIUM CLINICAL FEATURES

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29
Q

what protozoa?

Symptoms occur at 48-72 hour intervals as RBCs rupture; interval depends on species

A

PLASMODIUM

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30
Q

P. falciparum is the shortest of all the plasmodia, ranging from ___ to ____ ; does not extend for months to years

A

7 to 10 days

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31
Q

P. vivax: incubation period is usually

A

10 to 17 days

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32
Q

Some species (e.g., P. vivax, P. ovale) can establish a _______ _______ phase in which the sporozoites (called hypnozoites or sleeping forms ) do not divide

A

dormant hepatic

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33
Q

The presence of these viable plasmodia can lead to the ____ months to years after the initial clinical disease

A

relapse of infections (relapsing malaria)

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34
Q

P. falciparum most ____ type; highest ____ rate in children

A

malignant,
death

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35
Q

what diease ad protoza?

Complications: cerebral malaria (occlusion of capillaries in the brain), kidney failure (blackwater fever), lung edema,inflammation and tissue damage: complex deposition in glomeruli, joints, skin vessels, brain; glomerulonephritis and vasculitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, coma and death from capillary plugging, abdominal pain, rapid dehydration

A

malaria : plasmodium

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36
Q

DIAGNOSIS of Plasmodium:

A

BLOOD SMEARS (CDC, DPDX-MALARIA)

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37
Q

what protozoa is this?

Characteristic trophozoite in thin “small rings”; banana-
like gametocytes; Occasionally, reddish granules known as Maurer’s clefts are observed; schizont containing merozoites

P. FALCIPARUM VERSUS P.VIVAX

A

P. falciparum

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38
Q

what protozoa is this?

Trophozoite are large, irregular rings; gametocytes
are round; Schüffner’s Dots (red granules throughout
cytoplasm in erythrocytes

P. FALCIPARUM VERSUS P.VIVAX

A

P. vivax

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39
Q

PLASMODIUM VIRULENCE FACTORS

Merozoite (non–complement-mediated attachment) to ____ ____ _____ ____ (P. vivax)

what is a virulence factor for this protozoa?

A

Duffy blood group antigen

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40
Q

VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE/MALARIA PREVENTION

Light-colored clothing (NOT Blue), covering
arms & legs, clothing treated with _____

A

permethrin

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41
Q

AMEBIASIS

Causative microorganism:

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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42
Q

AMEBIASIS

An amoeba that can sometimes

A

lyse tissue

43
Q

AMEBIASIS

Low infectious dose; most commonly spread by

A

fecal-oral route

44
Q

AMEBIASIS

Life cycle alternates between a ____ ____ ____, and a smaller _____ ____

A
  • large motile trophozoite
  • nonmotile cyst
45
Q

AMEBIASIS

Trophozoite has a large ____ and lacks most other ____

A
  • nucleus
  • organelles
46
Q

AMEBIASIS

Trophozoite can/cannot ____ survive in the environment

A

cannot survive in the environment

47
Q

AMEBIASIS

The mature cyst is encased in a thin tough wall and contains four nuclei and bodies called

A

chromatoidals (dense clusters of ribosomes)

48
Q

AMEBIASIS

Cysts can/cannot ____ survive in the environment

A

can survive in the environment

49
Q

what protozoa?

In U.S., mainly in poverty-stricken areas, among migrant farm workers,and men who have sex with men

A

AMEBIASIS

50
Q

AMEBIASIS

look over slide 19

A
51
Q

AMEBIASIS

Cysts survive passage through stomach, release

Pathogenesis

A

trophozoites, which are passed to large intestine

52
Q

Acidic pH and digestive juices stimulate cysts to release

AMEBIASIS Pathogenesis

A

4 trophozoites

53
Q

Trophozoites feed on mucus, bacteria to multiply; cause

AMEBIASIS Pathogenesis

A

cramps, diarrhea; many strains produce cytotoxic enzyme

54
Q

May penetrate intestinal lining, causing ulceration and bloody

AMEBIASIS Pathogenesis

A

diarrhea called amebic dysentery

55
Q

Sometimes penetrate blood vessels and are carried to liver or other organs resulting in

AMEBIASIS Pathogenesis

A

amebic abscesses

56
Q

Incubation period varies from a

AMEBIASIS Pathogenesis

A

few days to a few months

57
Q

VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE/MALARIA PREVENTION

____ repellent on all exposed skin

A

Insect

58
Q

VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE/MALARIA PREVENTION

Avoid being ____ when vectors are most active

A

outside

59
Q

PLASMODIUM VIRULENCE FACTORS

Merozoite (non–complement-mediated attachment) to ______ ___ & ____ (P. falciparum)

what is a virulence factor for this protozoa?

A

glycophorin A and B

60
Q

what protozoa is this?

  • Parasited red cells (pRBCs) not enlarged
  • RBCs containing mature trophozoites sequestered in deep vessels
  • total parasite biomass = circulating parasites + seuestered parasites

P. FALCIPARUM VERSUS P.VIVAX

A

P. FALCIPARUM

61
Q

what protozoa is this?

  • parasites prefer young red cells
  • pRBCs enlarged
  • Trophozoites are amoeboid in shape
  • all stages present in peripheral blood

P. FALCIPARUM VERSUS P.VIVAX

A

P.VIVAX

62
Q

PLASMODIUM VIRULENCE FACTORS

Mechanism of Attachment and Receptor:

A

Merozoite (non–complement-mediated attachment) to Duffy blood group antigen (P. vivax) or glycophorin A and B (P. falciparum)

63
Q

VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE/MALARIA PREVENTION

Sleep under ______-treated insect netting

A

permethrin

64
Q

AMEBIASIS

Adherence of ____ to the colonic mucosal layer, epithelial cells, and leukocytes

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA VIRULENCE FACTORS

A

amebae

65
Q

Mechanism of Attachment and Receptor:

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA VIRULENCE FACTORS

A

Lectin and N-acetylglucosamine conjugates

66
Q

4 enyzmes (-ases)

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA VIRULENCE FACTORS

A
  1. Proteinases
  2. Phospholipases
  3. Collagenase
  4. Elastase
67
Q

Motility is accomplished by extension of a ___ (“false foot”)

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA VIRULENCE FACTORS

A

pseudopod

68
Q

Commonly ______ in 90% of patients

AMEBIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

A

asymptomatic

69
Q

what disease of protoza?

Onset at 1-3 weeks; Duration: 2 weeks

A

AMEBIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

70
Q

what disease/protoza?

Causes colitis

A

AMEBIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

71
Q

In severe cases, ______ _____ can be fatal

AMEBIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

A

acute dysentery

72
Q

what disease/protoza?

May also spread to the liver or spleen causing abscesses; results in fever, nausea, vomiting,abdominal pain, and liver/spleen enlargement

A

AMEBIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

73
Q

what is it called?

Life-threatening manifestations are hemorrhage, perforation, appendicitis, and tumorlike growths

A

amoebomas

AMEBIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

74
Q

AMEBIASIS PREVENTION

Sanitary measures and ___ of ____ water reduce incidence of amebiasis

A

avoidance of untreated

75
Q

AMEBIASIS PREVENTION

Killed by boiling or treatment with

A

iodine NOT chlorination

76
Q

prevention of what diease?

Travelers to developing countries should avoid consumption of water (including ice cubes), avoid unpeeled fruits and raw vegetables, boil water, and thoroughly clean fruits and vegetables before consumption

A

AMEBIASIS PREVENTION

77
Q

prevention for what disease/protozoa?

Water filtration

A

AMEBIASIS PREVENTION

78
Q

GIARDIASIS

Causative microorganism:

A

Giardia lamblia

79
Q

GIARDIASIS

___ protozoan with two side-by-side nuclei, adhesive disc on __

A

Flagellated, adhesive disc on undersurface

80
Q

GIARDIASIS

what contributes to this? Growing, feeding

A

trophozoite

81
Q

GIARDIASIS

Dormant

A

cyst

82
Q

GIARDIASIS

Cysts are

A

thick protective chitin-like polysaccharide walls

83
Q

GIARDIASIS

Cysts can/cannot __ survive for 2 months in environment

A

can

84
Q

GIARDIASIS

Lives in the small intestine, is/isn’t ____ invasive

A

is not

85
Q

Transmission by ___ contaminated food or water

GIARDIASIS

A

fecally

86
Q

Vectors

GIARDIASIS

A

: flies and cockroaches

87
Q

Reservoirs

GIARDIASIS

A

: beavers, muskrats, cattle, coyotes, cats, and humans

88
Q

World-wide distribution in

GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

A

lakes, streams, ponds

89
Q

Occurs in backpackers and campers

A

Hikers drinking from streams are at risk

GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

US: 1.2 million cases/year; very common, especially in South America and Southeast Asia

90
Q

Low infective dose (10 cysts) means

GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

A

easily spread

91
Q

Cysts infectious, remains

GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

A

viable in cold water >2 months

92
Q

Person-to-person transmission, especially in daycare centers where

GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

A

hands contaminated while changing diapers

93
Q

Common in urban areas with

GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

A

poor sanitation

94
Q

___ from other animals also implicated
Sexual practices involving _____-___-contact can transmit

GIARDIASIS EPIDEMIOLOGY

A
  • Feces
  • oral-anal
95
Q

GIARDIASIS PATHOGENESIS

GIARDIASIS PATHOGENESIS

A

look over slide

96
Q

About two-thirds of exposed individuals develop symptoms;incubation is

GIARDIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

A

6-20 days

97
Q

what diease?

Symptoms mild (indigestion, excessive flatulence, nausea) to severe(vomiting, explosive foul-smelling non-bloody fatty diarrhea,abdominal cramps, fatigue, weight loss)

A

GIARDIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

98
Q

Steatorrhea

GIARDIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

A

this is due to malabsorption in the small intestine

Will also have Vitamin A, E, D, and K malabsorption

99
Q

Usually resolves without treatment in 1-3 weeks; some cases become

GIARDIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

A

cases become chronic

100
Q

Long-term carriers excrete ___ ___- in feces

GIARDIASIS CLINICAL FEATURES

A

infectious cysts

101
Q

Risk factors for giardiasis: poor sanitary conditions, travel to known endemic areas, consumption of

GIARDIASIS PREVENTION

A

inadequately treated water, day-care centers, oral-anal sexual practices

Good personal hygiene and handwashing minimize spread

102
Q

Municipal chlorination does not destroy cysts, so water generally filtered to remove. How does this happen?

GIARDIASIS PREVENTION

A

Killed by boiling or iodine treatment plus filtration

103
Q

Hikers most effective water treatment is to boil for

GIARDIASIS PREVENTION

A

one minute or use portable filter

104
Q

Chemical methods are less reliable because of

GIARDIASIS PREVENTION

A

Time, temperature important

Microbiology (21 decks)

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