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Intro to Micro (SO) Flashcards

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1
Q

Relate the history of infection and microbiology to its importance in the study of medicine.

SO 1

A

Infection and microbiology are important to medicine because of the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious disease

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2
Q

Knowledge of microbial characteristics to their role in human health and disease.

SO 2

A

Microbial characteristics impact our health in many ways, understanding, microbes helps physicians prevent and treat any that could affect a human.

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3
Q

Robert Koch

Analyze how Koch’s postulates have allowed for the identification, prevention, and treatment of microbial infections

SO 3

A

Koch’s postulates allowed for claims to be made that a particular organism is the cause of a particular disease. he establish propagate cultures to dictate a specific bacteria.

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4
Q

3 disease connected to Robert Koch

A

Anthrax,Cholera, Tuberculosis
ACT

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5
Q

Organism is?

1st Koch Postulates

SO 14

A

The organism is demonstrable in every case of the disease.

Ex. Every time you see HIV it needs to be the same virus.

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6
Q

What can it do?

2nd Koch Postulates

SO 14

A

It can be isolated and propagated in pure culture in vitro.

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7
Q

Inoculation of..?

3rd Koch Postulates

SO 14

A

Inoculation of the pure culture by a suitable route into a suitable host should reproduce the disease.

Ex. AIDS , Impregnated through iv into a rat should produce the Aid again.

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8
Q

Organism can?

4th Koch Postulates

SO 14

A

The organism can be reisolated from the new host.

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9
Q

medical microbiology

SO 4

A

microogranisms are associated with human diseases

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10
Q

microorganism

SO 4

A

an organism that can be seen through a microscope

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11
Q

germ theory

SO 4

A

microogranisms ( pathogens/germs) can lead to disease

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12
Q

microbiota

SO 4

A

community of microbes that live in/on a human for both health/diseases

particular to a site/habitat

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13
Q

microbiome

SO 4

A

aggregate collection of microbial genomes

specific to a person, food you eat, medications

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14
Q

endogenous infection

SO 4

A

comes from inside the body

UTI, Metabolic disorders, congential abnormalities

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15
Q

exogenous infection

SO 4

A

comes from outside the body

chemical agents, trauma, chickenpox, Tb

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16
Q

taxonomy

SO 4

A

a system/classification , nomenclature, dentication

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom

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17
Q

obligate pathogens organism?

SO 4

A

(all virsus) found in the host only for disease causation

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18
Q

importance of studying medical microbiology

SO 5

A

used to treat and prevent different diseases

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19
Q

Robert Hooke

SO 6

A

observed a silver cork under a microscope and discovered cells

NN: Hook a cork

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20
Q

Anton Van Leewenhoek

SO 6

A

1674 and discovered “animalcules”

NN: Anton is an animal
## Footnote

Introduction to Medical Microbiology : Ch 1.

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21
Q

Otto Müller

SO 6

A

1774, organized bacteria according to the Linnaeus scheme ( Carolus Linnaeus)

NN: Otto organized Linn
## Footnote

Introduction to Medical Microbiology : Ch 1.

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22
Q

Edward Jenner

SO 6

A

1796, carried out the first smallpox immunizations

NN: Ed is Immuned
## Footnote

Microbiology and medicine Ch1

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23
Q

Louis Pasteur

SO 6

A

developed pasteurization to destory organism in wine
- two dogmas: fermentation is possible and life could be spontaneously generated

Microbiology and medicine Ch1 & Introduction to Medical Microbiology : Ch 1

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24
Q

Joseph Lister

SO 6

A

practiced infection control; performed antiseptic surgery

nn: List her surgery
| aimed to destroy the microorganisms responsible for infection in surgery

Microbiology and medicine Ch1

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25
Q

Robert Koch

SO 6

A

1876, established the Bacillus anthrasis causes anthrax; first to prove the Germ Theory of diease

Introduction to Medical Microbiology : Ch 1. Human Microbiome in Health and Disease Ch 2
Microbiology and medicine Ch1

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26
Q

Christian Gram

SO 6

A

1884,
developed the Gram Stain

( how we are able to distinguish bacteria )

Morphology and nature of microorganisms ch 2

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27
Q

John Enders
(1946)

SO 6

A

first to cultivate viruses for vaccine development

start large-scale production of virus cultures for vaccine development

Introduction to Medical Microbiology : Ch 1

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28
Q

Paul Ehrlich
(1910)

SO 6

A

discovered first antimicrobial agent against syphilis

Paul eh is against syphilis
## Footnote

Introduction to Medical Microbiology : Ch 1, Microbiology and medicine ch 1

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29
Q

Alexander Fleming

SO 6

A

1928, discovery of penicilin

Flem in the pen

fungal mould:penicillium notatum

Introduction to Medical Microbiology : Ch 1, Microbiology and medicine ch 1

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30
Q

Friedrich Henle

SO 6

A

1840, proposed that germs are the cause of diseases known as the “germ theory of disease”

nn: proposed to germs
## Footnote

Introduction to Medical Microbiology : Ch 1.

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31
Q

John Snow

SO 6

A

1853-1854, known as the father of modern epidemiology; demonstrated the epidemic spread of cholera through contaminated water

NN: John Snows in Color
| Cholera outbreak

Microbiology and medicine Ch1

32
Q

James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin
(1953)

SO 6

A

determined that the structure of DNA is a double helix

Microbiology and medicine Ch1

33
Q

Frederick Sanger
(1977)

SO 6

A

developed the first DNA sequencing method

sang to dna
## Footnote

Microbiology and medicine Ch1

34
Q

Carl Wose

SO 6

A

1977, discovered the Domain
Archaea (later creating 3 domains of life)

wose’s domain
## Footnote

8/17 class Books

35
Q

Genentech
(1982)

SO 6

A

created human insulin (Humulin), which became the first recombinant DNA drug approved by the FDA

tech in soon

36
Q

Kary Mullis
(1986)

SO 6

A

invented polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

mull pulls pieces
## Footnote

Microbiology and medicine Ch1

37
Q

Craig Venter
(1995)

SO 6

A

with colleagues, published the first microbial genomic sequence (Haemophllus influenza)

vents to germs

38
Q

bacteriology is the study of

SO 7

A

bacteria

39
Q

mycology is the study of

SO 7

A

fungi

40
Q

protozoology is the study of

SO 7

A

protozoa

41
Q

parasitology is the study of

SO 7

A

helminths and other parasites

42
Q

virology is the study of

SO 7

A

viruses

43
Q

1st Stage of infection

SO 13

A

encounter

Chapter 11 – The natural history of infection and the human microbiome

44
Q

2nd stage of infection

SO 13

A

entry and establishment

Chapter 11 – The natural history of infection and the human microbiome

45
Q

3nd stage of infection

SO 13

A

spread

Chapter 11 – The natural history of infection and the human microbiome

46
Q

4nd stage of infection

SO 13

A

survival and multiplication

Chapter 11 – The natural history of infection and the human microbiome

47
Q

5nd stage of infection

SO 13

A

damage/dysfunction

Chapter 11 – The natural history of infection and the human microbiome

48
Q

6nd stage of infection

SO 13

A

outcome

Chapter 11 – The natural history of infection and the human microbiome

49
Q

What is the mode(s) of transmission?

SO 12

A

reservoir, immediate source, susceptible host

food, water, airborne, exogenous or endogenous

Med micro 19th chap 2

50
Q

What is/are the sources of infection?

SO 12

A

exogenous or endogenous , insects or vector borne disease

Med micro 19th chap 2

51
Q

Influences on the composition of the human microbiota.

SO 10

A

personal hygiene, diet,water source, environment, antibiotic

chapter 2 med micro 9th

52
Q

Viruses

SO 8

A

-smallest infectious particles
-contains DNA or RNA
-viral nucleic acids are enclosed ( protein shell) with or without a lipid membrane

Introduction to Medical Microbiology

53
Q

Virus : Feature

SO 9

A

-True parasites (needs a host cell for replication)
-infection lead to rapid destruction of the cell or a chronic relationship

Introduction to Medical Microbiology

54
Q

Virus examples

SO 8

A

Heptitis C, HIV, Hep B, Human papillomevirus

Introduction to Medical Microbiology

55
Q

Bacteria

SO 8

A

Prokaryotic, unicellular, reproduce by asexual division
Gram negative - thin peptidoglycan layer w/ overlying outer membrane
Gram positive- thick peptidoglycan layer w/o other membrane

Introduction to Medical Microbiology

56
Q

Bacteria : features

SO 9

A

Shapes: spheres, rods, spirals
Spatial arrangement - single cells, chains, clusters
Versatile and picky

Introduction to Medical Microbiology

57
Q

Bacteria examples

A

Clostridium difficile, E. Coli

Introduction to Medical Microbiology

58
Q

Fungi

SO 8

A

Multicellular, membrane-bound organelles (eukaryotic) , parasitic or symbiotic diversity
Unicellular (yeast)
Asexually or filamentous form (mold)

Introduction to Medical Microbiology

59
Q

Fungi : Features

SO 9

A

Mold in environment and spherical in body (dimorphic)
Range in infections from benign skin infections, pneumonias, sepsis, disfiguring disease, immunocompromised host

Introduction to Medical Microbiology

60
Q

Fungi examples

SO 8

A

Histoplasma, Blastomyces, and Coccidiodes.

Introduction to Medical Microbiology

61
Q

Parasites

SO 8

A

Eukaryotic cell
most complex microbes
mix unicellular and multicellular
Range in size

Introduction to Medical Microbiology

62
Q

Parasites

SO 9

A

Various lifespans- permanent to progression(animal)
Unique to different regions
Many prevention and treatment options

Introduction to Medical Microbiology

63
Q

The Role of the microbiome in human health and disease

SO 11

A

Diversity, metabolism of nurtients

64
Q

Which microbiology laboratory tests do we use?

SO 15

A

Antigen detection (SEROLOGY ), PCR

The natural history of infection and the human microbiome

65
Q

What is Antisepsis?

SO 16

A

Use of chemical agents on skin or other living tissue to inhibit or eliminate microbes; no sporicidal action is implied

Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antisepsis

66
Q

What is Disinfection?

SO 16

A

Use of physical procedures or chemical agents to destroy most microbial forms; bacterial spores and other relatively resistant organisms (e.g., mycobacteria, viruses, fungi) may remain viable; disinfectants are subdivided into high-, intermediate-, and low-level agents

Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antisepsis

67
Q

Germicide:

SO 16

A

Chemical agent capable of killing microbes; includes virucide, bactericide, sporicide, tuberculocide, and fungicide

Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antisepsis

68
Q

Sterilization

SO 16

A

Use of physical procedures or chemical agents to destroy all microbial forms, including bacterial spores

Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antisepsis

69
Q

High-level disinfectant

SO 16

A

A germicide that kills all microbial pathogens except large numbers of bacterial spores

70
Q

Intermediate-level disinfectant

SO 16

A

A germicide that kills all microbial pathogens except bacterial endospores

Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antisepsis

71
Q

Low-level disinfectant

SO 16

A

A germicide that kills most vegetative bacteria and lipid-enveloped and medium-size viruses

Sterilization, Disinfection, and Antisepsis

72
Q

T/F Viruses are single-celled organism

Ob 9

A

False : they are multicellular

73
Q

T/F Viruses contain both DNA and RNA

OB 9

A

False : they contain one or the other never both

74
Q

The distinction between bacterial groups using the Gram stain remains a vital component of clinical specimen analysis. Which of the following features can be distinguished by this method?

SO 15

A

Distinction between cocci and bacilli

Morphology and nature of microorganisms

75
Q

Can antibiotic sensitivity of cells be used to identify microorganisms?

A

No, they are not precise enough for clinical purposes

Morphology and nature of microorganisms

Microbiology (21 decks)

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