Meanings And Representations) Lexis And Semantics Flashcards
Types of nouns. 3
Proper
Abstract
Concrete
Types of verbs. 4
Material
Relational
Mental
Verbal
Types of adjectives and adverbs m. 3
Base
Comparative
Superlative
Same degree
Types of pronouns. 3
Personal
Demonstrative
Indefinite
Types of determiners. 3
Articles
Possessives
Quantifiers
Types of conjunctions. 2
Coordinating
Subordinating
Proper nouns
Eg
Refer to names of ppl or places
Eg James, England
Abstract nouns
Eg
Refer to states, feelings and concepts that don’t have a physical existence
Eg love, anger
Concrete nouns
Eg
Refer to objects that have a physical existence
Eg countable, non countable
Material verbs
Eg
Show actions or verbs
Eg hit, jump
Relational verbs
Eg
Identify properties or show states of being
Eg be, appear
Mental verbs
Eg
Show internal processes
Eg think, wish
Verbal verbs
Eg
Show external processes of communication through speech
Eg say, shout, whisper
Base adjectives and adverbs
Eg
Basic form of an adjective or adverb
Eg big, carefully
Comparative adjectives and adverbs
Eg
Form used to compare 2 instances either adding ‘-er’ or using ‘more’
Eg bigger, more carefully
Superlative adjectives and adverbs
Eg
Comparing more than 2 instances, identifying a best
Eg biggest, most interesting
Personal pronouns
Eg
Differentiated in terms of person (1st,2nd,3rd), number (singular or plural) and gender (male or female)
Eg I, you, she, they
Demonstrative pronouns
Eg
Orientate the reader or listener towards a person, object, idea
Eg this, these, that
Indefinite pronoun
Eg
Refer to person,object or idea that is non specific
Eg someone, anybody, everything
Articles
Eg
Shoes something is definite or indefinite Eg the (definite), a/an (indefinite)
Possessives
Eg
Show ownership
Eg my, your, her, our
Quantifiers
Eg
Show either specific or non specific quantities of a noun
Eg one, two (specific), some, any (non specific)
Coordinating conjunctions
Eg
Link main clauses together
Eg and, but
Subordinating conjunctions
Eg
Link main clause to subordinate clause
Eg because, while, although
Simile
Eg
When we say something is like or similar to something else
Eg she fell over lack a sack of potatoes
Metaphor
Eg
Describes something/someone in a way that literally isn’t true
Eg he has a broken heart
Personification
Eg
When something non human is given a human characteristic
Eg the wind howled
Same degree adjectives
‘As…as’
Active voice
Eg
When the subject performs the action of the verb
Eg The dog chased the cat
Passive voice
Eg
When the object is placed before the subject
Eg the cat was chased by the dog
Types of sentence structures. 4
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound complex
Simple sentence
Eg
Independent clause
Eg I kicked the ball
Compound sentence
Eg
2 or more independent clauses
Eg I kicked the ball and it hit the tree
Complex sentence
Eg
1 independence clause and 1+ subordinate clause
Eg He cried because I hit him
Compound complex sentence
Eg
2+ independent clauses and 1+ sub clauses
He cried because I hit him, and I quickly apologised
Copula verb
Eg
Verbs that link an adjective or a noun to the subject of the sentence
Also known as linking verbs
Eg am, is
What’s the aim of copula verbs
To present opinions as facts
Aim of simple sentences
Used to assert opinion confidently in the hopes the audience agrees
Discourse markers
Eg
Linking words, linking phrases, or sentence connectors
Eg however, although and nevertheless
Aim of discourse markers
To create the sense of a logically developed argument
9 Moral auxiliary verbs
Can Could May Might Will Would Should Must
Auxillery verbs
Eg
Helps the main verb to describe action
Eg am, do, be
Primary auxillery verbs types. 3
To be
To have
To do
Verb tenses. 12
Simple past tense Simple present Simple future Continuous past Continuous present Continuous future Perfect past Perfect present Perfect future Perfect continuous past Perfect continuous present Perfect continuous future
Simple past tense verb example
I studied
Simple present tense verb eg
I study
Simple future tense verb eg
I will study
Past continuous verb tense eg
I was studying
Present continuous verb tense eg
I am studying
Present future tense verb eg
I will be studying
Past perfect tense verb eg
I had studied
Present perfect verb tense eg
I have studied
Future perfect verb tense eg
I will have studied
Present continuous past tense verb eg
I had been stuyding
Present perfect continuous verb tense eg
I have been stuyding
Future perfect continuous tense verb eg
I will have been stuyding
Relative clause
Eg
Clause that modified a noun or pronoun
Eg who is very smart
Who, whom, which, that, whose, where, when, why, what
Adverb clause
Eg
Clause that modified a verb
Eg although he is timid
Comparative clause
Eg
Starts with as or contains then
Eg As the train arrived
Non finite clause
Eg
Uses an infinitive, past participle, or present participle at start of clause
Eg to eat the whole cake
Phonetics
Speech
Graphology
Visual aspects
Lexis and semantics
Vocabulary
Pragmatic
Context
Types of mode. 2
Written
Spoken
Sybilance
Alliteration of s sound
Left wing newspapers. 2
The daily mirror
The guardian
Right wing newspapers
The sun The daily mail Daily express The star Daily telegraph The times The Financial Times
Neutral newspapers
The independent
Avg reader age of daily mail
Late 50s
Avg reader age of daily telegraph
Early 60s
Ao1 level 5 features
Semantic patterns
Pragmatic features
Sentence and clause types, elements and linking
Cohesion and textual structure
Ao1 level 4 features
Figurative language
Word classes in detail
Verb tenses, voice, aspect, modals
Phrases
Verb moods
Interrogative mood Imperative mood Conditional mood Indicative mood Subjunctive
Indicative mood verb
Eg
Used to express a fact statement
Eg we PRACTICE daily
Verb mood definition
The attitude a verb conveys in a sentence
Imperative mood
Eg
Indicates a command
GIVE me back my money
Interrogative mood
Eg
Asks a question
Eg WILL you go
Conditional mood
Eg
A conditional state that’ll cause something to happen
Eg The bomb MIGHT explode
Subjunctive mood
Eg
A hypothetical state, a state contrary to reality, like a wish, desire, or imaginary situation
Eg if you turn that on
