Language Diversity) Lamguage And Social Class

Question 1

Sociolect

Answer 1

The dialect associated with a social group

Question 2

Overt prestige

Answer 2

Dialect used by culturally powerful group

Question 3

Covert prestige

Answer 3

Non standard languages or dialects that’s regarded as being of high linguistic prestige by members of a speech community, but not by the culturally powerful

Question 4

Class

Answer 4

Cultural, economic and social standing of a group of ppl

Question 5

Capital

Answer 5

Wealth, money (in sense of economic capital), figurative in sense of cultural and social capital

Question 6

Linguistic marketplace

Answer 6

A metaphor for social interactions within a given context

Question 7

Class aspiration

Answer 7

Desires of an individual to graduate to the next social class

Question 8

Hypercorrection

Answer 8

Attempts to be more correct leads to more mistakes

Question 9

Code switching

Answer 9

Ability to switch between two languages,dialect , sociolect under different circumstances

Question 10

Linguistic insecurity

Answer 10

A concern that one’s language is insufficient in someway

Question 11

Social mobility

Answer 11

The ability to change social classes

Question 12

Marxist defintion of class

Answer 12

Revolves around production - bourgeois own means of product, whilst proletariat sell their labour to them
Can only be stopped by a revolution

Question 13

Webers defintion foc lass

Answer 13

He proposed theory of stratification - focused on relationship between class, power and status
Class - description of someone’s economic standing
Status - description of someone’s prestige
Power - description of someone’s ability to enact change in the face of resistance

Question 14

Types of capital. 3

Answer 14

Economic
Cultural
Social

Question 15

Economic capital determined by…

Answer 15

Cash, bank account, investments, assets

Question 16

Cultural capital determined by…

Answer 16

Beliefs, types of food, sports etc

Question 17

Social capital determined by…

Answer 17

Friends, free time activities etc

Question 18

Bourdieu study

Answer 18

Recognise the language as a key units of capital when calculating someone’s social class
Highlighted that more prestigious forms of language granted the speaker higher quantities of capital

Question 19

Whose study was of language and capital

Answer 19

Bourdieu

Question 20

Labov study

Answer 20

Went into 3 different department stores in New York, and asked each employee where he’d find specific department (all representative of different classes)
Employee said 4th floor, and labov asked again - found higher the social class = more employees vocalised /r/ in ‘fourth’
Data shows upper class store used most prestigious form of language
Middle class store when repeating showed desire to be prestigious 
Lowe class store showed lack of desire to be prestigious 
Shows significance of aspiration of being in a social class impacts their language heavily

Question 21

Study of department stores

Answer 21

Labov

Question 22

Trudgill study

Answer 22

Studied grammar of 50 adults and 10 kids in Norwich
Found lower social class= more likely non standard variables were used (eg glottal stops)
Men also more likely to use non standard variables than women, thus suggesting women gravitate towards prestigious variations of language

Question 23

Who was the Norwich study

Answer 23

Trudgill

Question 24

Petyt study

Answer 24

Investigated frequency of h dropping among speakers in Bradford
Found lower social class= more likely to h drop
Lower middle class = 12% H’s used
Middle middle class= 93% h’s used

Question 25

Who’s study was on h dropping

Answer 25

Petyt

Question 26

Linguistic insecurity tends to correlate with …

Whose most likely o feel linguistic insecurity

Answer 26

Perceived lack of value in ones linguistic capacity

Women and those in lower middle class

Question 27

Why are women seen as more linguistically insecure than men

Answer 27

To avoid being threatening

More self doubt than men

Question 28

Studies associated with language and social class. 4

Answer 28

Petyt
Trudgill
Bourdieu
Labov