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Linguistics > Child Language Acquisition > Flashcards

Child Language Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

Word class children usually first learn?

A

Nouns

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2
Q

Many early words are related to…

A

Child’s everyday routines

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3
Q

Some early words are clearly …

A

Context specific

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4
Q

What do infants prefer to attend to above all environmental sounds

A

Human voice

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5
Q

How old are babies before they can distinguish between their mothers voice and anyone else’s

A

3 days old

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6
Q

What does children being born universal mean

A

Capable of producing any sound in the human language

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7
Q

What’s acquired first, vowels or consonants

A

Vowels

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8
Q

When does the avg child acquire all vowels and 2/3 of consonants

A

2 and a half yrs old

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9
Q

When are children confident in using both vowels and consonants

A

6 or 7 years old

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10
Q

Infinite monkey theory

A

If you sit a monkey down at a typewriter for an info ur amount of time, eventually by randomly hitting the keys, the monkey will type out the words of Shakespeare

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11
Q

How can babies have a conversation without words

A

Turn taking

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12
Q

List of Halidays functions of language (8)

A 
Instrumental 
Regulatory 
Interactional 
Personal
Heuristic
Imaginative 
Representational 
Performative
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13
Q

Instrumental - explanation and eg

A

Language needs to satisfy material needs

I want

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14
Q

Regulatory - explanation and eg

A

Language used to control others

Do as I tell you

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15
Q

Interactional - explanation and eg

A

Phatic communication

How are you

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16
Q

Personal - explanation and eg

A

Emotional language which releases stress, pain, fear etc

I don’t want to

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17
Q

Heuristic - explanation and eg

A

Language seeking information

What’s that for

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18
Q

Imaginative - explanation and eg

A

Language of creative writing, games etc

Let’s pretend…

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19
Q

Representational - explanation and eg

A

Language that communicates info/ideas

I live at 23 fleet flats

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20
Q

Performative

A

Language of curses, charms, prayers etc

Our father…

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21
Q

Steps of early phonological acquisition and at what age? 4

A

Step 1-vegetative 0-4 months old
Step 2 - cooing. 4-7 months old
Step 3- babbling. 6-12 months old
Step 4-proto words 9-12 months old

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22
Q

Phonemic contraction

A

The variety of sounds is reduced to the sounds of the main language used

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23
Q

Phonology

A

he study of sound patterns and their meanings

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24
Q

Ellipsis

A

knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden.

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25
Q

Over extension

A

a categorical term (a word used to describe a group of things) is used in language to represent more categories than it actually does

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26
Q

Irregular plurals

Eg

A

Words that don’t become plural by adding ‘s’ or ‘es’
Knife knives
Leaf leaves

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27
Q

Lexis

A

Vocabulary

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28
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

the process of encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour by offering reward when the behaviour is exhibited

29
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

the process of encouraging or establishing a pattern of behaviour by punishing when the wrong behaviour is exhibited

30
Q

CDS and meaning

A

Child directed speech

a simplified form of speech used by adults when talking to infants.

31
Q

LAD and meaning

A

Language Acquisition device

a system of principles that children are born with that helps them learn language

32
Q

LASS and meaning

A

Language Acquisition support system

the adults and older children who help a young child to acquire language.

33
Q

Exaggerated prosodic cues

A

Using more exaggerated intonation patterns and slightly higher frequencies, greater pitch variations, extended pauses etc

34
Q

Recasting

A

Phrasing sentences in different ways, like making it a question

35
Q

Echoing

A

Repeating what a child said

36
Q

Labelling

A

Providing the name of objects, using simpler vocabulary

37
Q

Overarticulating

A

Using more precise sounds contained in the words, stretching out sounds, sounding out ‘super vowels’ and phonemes which are more challenging to articulate

38
Q

Features of CDS. 8

A 
Exaggerated prosodic cues
Recasting
Echoing
Expansion
Labelling
Over-articulating 
Repetition
Simplification
39
Q

Behaviourists believe…

A

Language is developed through initiating others’ language and gaining positive and negative feedback from adults

40
Q

Social interactionists believe…

A

Children’s early language can be influenced and improved by adult carers adjusting their own speech patterns

41
Q

Nativist theorists believe

A

Language is innate; we’re pre programmed to acquire it

42
Q

Cognitive theorists believe…

A

Language will grow when children’s ideas about the world develop

43
Q

Name a behaviourist theorist

A

B.F Skinner

44
Q

Name a nativist

A

Chomsky

45
Q

Name a cognitivist theorist

A

Piaget

46
Q

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor - senses and actions- birth to 2 yrs
Preoperational - language and mental images- 2 to 7 yrs
Concrete operational - logical thinking and categories- 7 to 12 yrs
Formal operational- hypothetical and scientific reasoning - 12 yrs onwards

47
Q

Name a interactionist theorist

A

Bruner

48
Q

Holophrase

A

A single word which functions pragmatically as the child’s whole utterance or sentence

49
Q

When’s the holophrastic/one word stage

A

9-18 months

50
Q

Features of semantic overextension. 2

A

Semantic features hypothesis

Functional similarities hypothesis

51
Q

Types of babies according to how they learn new words. 2

A

Referential

Expressive

52
Q

Features of referential ‘type’. 3

A

Early words linked to objects eg nouns
High proportion of nouns and adjectives
Few formulae

53
Q

Features of expressive ‘type’. 3

A

Early words linked to social relationships eg greetings
Low proportion of nouns and adjectives
Many formulae

54
Q

Deletion

A 
Omitting the final consonant in words 
Eg do(g), cu(p)
55
Q

Substitution

A

Substituting one sound for another

Eg pip for ‘ship’

56
Q

Addition

A

Adding an extra vowel sound to the ends of words creating a CVCV pattern
Eg doggie

57
Q

Assimilation

A

Changing on consonant or vowel for another

Eg gog for ‘dog’

58
Q

Reduplication

A

Repeating a whole syllable

Eg dada, mama

59
Q

Consonant cluster reductions

A

Reducing consonant clusters to be smaller

Eg pider for ‘spider’

60
Q

Deletion of this unstressed syllables

A

Omitting the opening syllable in polysyllabic words

Eg nana for ‘banana’

61
Q

When’s the two word stage

A

18 to 30 months approx

62
Q

When’s the telegraphic stage

A

2 yrs 6 months/3 yrs onwards

63
Q

Describe telegraphic stage. 2

A

Children acquire more ‘grammatical’ words

develop syntax and learn to apply inflections like ‘-ed’ for regular past tenses and “s” to signal pluralisation

64
Q

Tabula rasa

A

Latin for black slate

Children born with fresh and undeveloped brains

65
Q

Virtuous errors

A

Grammatical errors that are understandable and logical through an incorrect assumption being made about grammar rules

66
Q

Egocentric

A

Thinking only of themselves, without understanding or regard for feelings of others

67
Q

Object permanence

A

Sn understanding that objects continue to exist even they can’t be seen or touched

68
Q

Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A

Describes area between what a child can do and that which is beyond their rich

Linguistics (93 decks)

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