Language Diversity) Language And Age

Question 1

Sociolect

Answer 1

Dialect associated with a social group - such as a socioeconomic class, ethnic group, age group etc

Question 2

Convergence

Eg

Answer 2

Mirroring the way people act and talk in order to fit in with a particular group
Eg going abroad and adopting that accent

Question 3

Divergence

Eg

Answer 3

Speak and act differently to group in attempt to distance yourself from them
Eg teacher trying to sound different to student

Question 4

Why does convergence occur

Answer 4

So you can be in there in group as it helps form relationships and bonds

Question 5

Why does divergence occur

Answer 5

To show dominance and keep someone in an out-group

Question 6

Difference in lexical and grammatical choices of kids and old people

Answer 6

Old ppl use lot more reminiscing (nostalgia), have much heavier accents, and less americanisms

Question 7

What was Eckert’s study

Answer 7

Age not just a number
Can be defined in 3 ways:
Chronological - number of years that have passed since born
Biological - how physically mature body is
Social - how socially mature you are (linked to events like marriage, having kids etc)

Question 8

Who’s study was it of age is not just a number

Answer 8

Eckert

Question 9

Difference in stereotypes between goth’s, chavs and teachers

Answer 9

Goths - quiet, rude, pessimistic
Chav - slang, violent, homophobic, jd clothes
Teacher - formal, mature, dominant language like imperatives

Question 10

Why may schools be ideally suited to enforcing linguistic norms

Answer 10

Helps students fit in with each other, especially when it’s hard to make friends
Also divergens helps teachers differentiate themselves from students so it doesn’t feel like a friend

Question 11

Difference in in group and out group

Answer 11

In group is group you or someone else is part of

Out group is group you don’t belong to

Question 12

What are teenagers often vilified for
Thus...
Evidence
Led to worry that...
This raises concerns of...
To stop this, ...
Evidence of this

Answer 12

Use of slang and non standard variations
Widely held belief teenagers are becoming more illiterate, due to supposed decline in reading and increased phone usage
Daily mail article said teenagers had 800 word vocab, but need 15k word vocab to passed gcse english exam
Teenagers are becoming unemployable
‘Woefully low standards‘ in schools
Mrs Gross wants children under age 2 to be limited to 30 minutes of tv a day, as it crowds at conversation
Research found almost a quarter of boys and one in seven girls develop speech problems - often due to TV background noise which makes it difficult for babies to understand adults around them.

Question 13

Overt prestige

Answer 13

Refers to dialect used by culturally powerful group

Question 14

Covert prestige

Answer 14

Refers to where non standard languages or dialect are regarded to be of high linguistic prestige by members of a speech community, but not by the culturally powerful

Question 15

Colloquialism

Answer 15

a word or phrase that is not formal or literary and is used in ordinary or familiar conversation – casual communication

Question 16

Code switching

Answer 16

Ability to switch linguistically between 2 languages, dialects, sociolect etc under different circumstances

Question 17

Bidialectalism

Answer 17

Speakers ability to use 2 dialects of same language

Question 18

Neologism

Answer 18

A newly formed or coined word

Question 19

Vernacular

Answer 19

Language or dialect spoken by the ordinary ppl in a particular country or region

Question 20

Taboo language

Answer 20

Words or phrases that are considered inappropriate in certain contexts

Question 21

Bucholtz San Francisco Bay study

Answer 21

Bucholtz studded group of all girls, who embraced a geek identity and distanced themselves from their perrs’ concerns of coolness
Found girls prided themselves on intelligence and used prestigious forms of English to constant a distinctive style, in a way to disassociate themselves from the status system altogether

Question 22

Who was the study of girls who embraced themselves as geeks

Answer 22

Bucholtz

Question 23

Trudgill’s stidy

Answer 23

Used zone sampling to question people, in which final consonant in words like walking, running etc was studied in Norwich
Found, proportion of in’ type forms was higher amongst lower social classes
Also found non standard in’ forms more common amongst men than women

Question 24

Who was the zone sampling Norwich study

Answer 24

Trudgill

Question 25

Ives study

Answer 25

Interviewed 63 16-17 year olds, and asked if they thought ppl spoke differently depending on age: 100% said yes
Teens believed they use slang specific to their age: ‘chatting rubbish’, ‘bare’, ‘beef’ etc, wouldn’t be understood by older ppl as felt this was to distance themselves from older ppl

Question 26

Who did the study on speaking differently depending on age

Answer 26

Ives

Question 27

DeKlerk study

Answer 27

Thanks young people have the freedom to challenge linguistic norms
Teenagers or young people seek to establish new identities through the use of linguistics, Due to a need to be seen as modern, cool, fashionable and up-to-date

Question 28

Who did the study on challenging linguistic norms

Answer 28

DeKlerk

Question 29

Studies associated with language and age. 5

Answer 29

DeKlerk
Ives
Trudgill
Bucholtz
Eckert