Lexis And Semantics Flashcards
Dynamic verbs are…
Physical actions
Stative verbs are…
States or conditions
Types of dynamic verbs (2)
Material
Verbal
Types of stative verbs (2)
Relational
Mental
Material verbs as eg
Shows actions or events
eg hit, jump, build
Verbal verbs and eg
Of communicating through speech
eg say, shout, scream, whisper
Relational verbs and eg
Identifies properties or shows states of being
eg be, appear, seem, become
Mental verbs and eg
Shows internal processes such as thinking
eg think, believe, wish
Main verb eg
In a clause or sentence is the single verb that expresses the main meaning
Eg he BAKES cookies,
Auxiliary verbs
(Helping verbs) are verbs that are placed in front of main verbs
Types of auxiliary verbs (2)
Primary auxiliary verb
Modal auxiliary verbs
Primary auxiliary verbs
Be, have, do
Modal auxiliary verbs
Only ever used in conjunction with the main verb
List of modal auxiliary verbs (9)
Can Will Shall May Must Could Would Should Might
Main Verb tenses (4)
Infinitive
Past form
Past principle
Present participle
Other verb tenses (9)
Past simple Past continuous Past perfect Present simple Present continuous Present perfect Future simple Future continuous Future perfect
Past simple formation and eg
Past form of the verb
I ate a sandwich
Past continuous formation and eg
‘To be’ past tense + present participle of verb
I was eating
Past perfect formation and eg
Past form of ‘have’ + past principle
I had eaten
Present simple formation and eg
Infinitive form of the verb
I eat
Present continuous formation and eg
‘To be’ + present participle
I am eating
Present perfect formation and eg
‘Have’ + past principle
I have eaten
Future simple formation and eg
‘Will’ + infinitive
I will eat
Future continuous formation and eg
‘Will/shall’ + ‘be’ + present participle
I will be eating
Future perfect formation and eg
‘Will/shall’ + have + eaten
I will have eaten
Actively voiced verb and eg
The person/thing performing action is emphasised as the subject of the verb
The minister has issued an apology
Thieves robbed a woman
Passively voiced verb and eg
Emphasis shifts to the object of the verb (the person or thing to which something has been done)
Order of sentence is reversed
An apology has been issued by the minister
A woman was robbed (by thieves)
Types of adverbs and eg (4)
Time
At 2 o clock, before, in the afternoon
Place
In the garden, there, here
Manner
Quickly, drunkenly, suddenly
Frequency
Sometimes, often, never
Proper nouns and eg
Refer to names of people or places
James, England
Abstract nouns and eg
Refer to states, feelings and concepts that don’t have a physical existence
Love, anger
Concrete nouns and eg
Refer to objects that have a physical existence
Countable (eg cup)
Uncountable (furniture
Countable nouns and eg
Can be pluralised
Eg box, key, umbrella
Mass noun and eg
Can’t be pluralised
Advice, water, sympathy
Base adjectives and adverbs and eg
Basic form of an adjective or adverb, modifying another word
Big, interesting, carefully
Comparative adjectives and adverbs and eg
A form used to compare 2 instances ether adding -er or using ‘more’
The parcel was bigger
That was a more interesting game
Superlative adjectives and adverbs and eg
A form used to compare more than 2 instances, identifying a best example
That was the biggest parcel
The most interesting game
Personal pronouns and eg
Refer to people and are differentiated in terms of person (1st, 2nd and third), number (singular/plural) and gender (male/female)
Demonstrative pronoun and eg
Orientate the reader or listener towards a person, object, or idea either nearby or further away
This, these, that, those
Indefinite pronoun and eg
Refer to a person, object or idea that’s non specific
Someone, anybody, everything
Articles (determiner) and eg
Show that something is definite or indefinite
The (definite), a/an (indefinite)
Possessives (determiners) and eg
Show ownership
My, your, her, our
Quantifiers (determiners) and eg
Show either specific or non-specific quantities of a noun
One, two (specific), some, any a few (non specific)
Co-ordinating conjunctions and eg
Link words or larger structures such as phrases and clauses together where they are equal
And, but, or, yet
Sub-ordinating conjunctions
Link clauses together to show one is dependent on another
Because, although, while, for
Adjective
Words which single out some feature or quality of a noun or product
Types of adjectives (3)
Comparative
Superlative
Same degree
Comparative adjective
(‘-er’ or ‘more’)
Superlative adjective
(‘-est’ or ‘most’)
Same degree adjective
(‘As…as’)
Modifier
A word, usually noun or adjective, used attributively that qualifies the sense of a noun
Adverbs of a comment also acts as modifiers
Common noun and eg
Describe broader categories of entities and concepts
Eg street, dog, television
Collective nouns and eg
Used to refer to a group of animals, people or objects
Eg a flock of birds, a pack of lions
Noun phrase and eg
A group of words headed by a noun that includes modifiers
Eg The dog in the window, a foggy March night
Metaphor and eg
A direct comparison of 2 objects, people or things
Eg
Eg his moral compass was in need of some tuning, he has a broken heart
Simile and eg
When one thing is like or similar to something else
Eyes blue as sapphires, She fell over like a sack of potatoes
Personification
When something non-human is given a human characteristic
Eg the lightning danced
Synonym and eg
Word that shares a similar or identical meaning with another word
Eg tally add, smell stink, rich wealthy
Antonym and eg
A word that has an opposite meaning from another word
Eg, scared brave, fast slow, small huge
Head word and eg
The word in a phrase that determines the syntactic category that phrase
Eg boiling hot WATER
Modifier meaning and eg
words, phrases, or clauses that add description to sentences
Eg the BIG dog, a TINY bug
