McMurry (kap 3.1)

Question 1

Is the functional group/family named “Alkanes” easily reactive?

Answer 1

No, they are relatively unreactive. Under normal conditions, they are inert, but they do undergo in some few chemical reactions.

Question 2

What does the term “family” mean in organic chemistry?

Answer 2

Organic compounds can be classified into families according to their structural features - the members in a family have similar chemical behavior.

Their chemistry is reasonably predictable.

Question 3

How do “families” get classified?

Answer 3

The structural features of “functional groups” makes it possible to classify different families.

Question 4

What is a functional group?

Answer 4

It is a group of atoms within a molecule that has a characteristic chemical behavior.

A functional group behave in nearly the same way in every molecule it is a part of.

Question 5

Which functional groups have a Carbon-Carbon double bond?

Answer 5

Alkenes, alkynes and arenes (aromatic compounds)

Alkenes have a double bond, alkynes have a triple bond and arenes have alternating double and single bonds in a six-membered ring of carbon atoms.

Aromatic rings = An aromatic ring is a stable, circular structure made of carbon atoms, where the electrons are shared evenly around the ring. This sharing of electrons makes the ring extra stable and gives it special chemical properties. Benzene is the most well-known example of an aromatic ring.

Question 6

Do structurally similar functional groups behave similarly?

Answer 6

Yes, for example the alkenes, alkynes and arenes.

Question 7

Which functional groups have carbon singly bonded to an electronegative atom?

Answer 7

• Alkyl halide (haloalkanes)
• Alcohols
• Ethers
• Alkyl phosphates
• Amines
• Thiols
• Sulfides
• Disulfides

(The electronegative atoms are, a halogen, oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur).

The C are the least electronegative of the two, therefore wearing the partial positive charge.

Question 8

What does it mean if a bond is polar?

Answer 8

A polar bond occurs when the two atoms involved in the bond share electrons unevenly. This happens because one atom pulls the shared electrons closer to itself due to a difference in electronegativity (the ability to attract electrons).

The more electronegative atom pulls electrons closer to itself. As a result, one end becomes slightly more negative, and one end becomes slightly more positive, creating a dipole.

Question 9

Which atom bears the positive charge (δ
+) and which bears the negative charge (δ
−) in the bond?

Answer 9

The more electronegative atom bears the negative charge, and the less electronegative bears the positive charge.

Question 10

Which functional groups have a carbon-oxygen double bond? (carbonyl groups)

Answer 10

• Aldehydes
• Ketones
• Carboxylic acids
• esters
• thioesters
• amides
• Chlorides

(The carbon atom wears the partial positive charge, and the oxygen wears the partial negative charge.).