management - motivation Flashcards
define motivation
strong desire to act in a particular way and to achieve a certain result (they will want to work)
define morale
if morale in an individual, group or team is high, then there is an increase in productivity, purpose, etc
what is a monetary method of motivation
financial incentives e.g. commission, profit sharing, bonuses, piece rates
what is a non-monetary method of motivation
non-financial e.g. job enrichment, team work, work environment
what is a bonus?
additional payment what workers receive for achieving a target
what is profit sharing
workers receive a proportion of the profits made by the business
what is commission?
payment made to employees based on their value of sales achieved
what is piece rate
gives a payment for each item produced
what is job enrichment?
giving employees extra responsibility
+ work becomes more interesting
- too much pressure/more work for same pay
What is McClellend’s motivational theory?
- believes all employees have dominant needs
- managers should identify the needs to allocate accordingly
- affiliation: wanting to be part of a group
- a manager can identify needs by observing employees and doing a questionnaire
McClellend’s theory:
what are the characteristics of an achievement motivator
- strong need to accomplish goals
- calculated risks
regular feedback - independent
McClellend’s theory:
what are the characteristics of affiliation motivator
- be in a group
- wants to be liked
- collaboration over competition
- no high risk or uncertainty
McClellend’s theory:
what are the characteristics of power motivator
- content theory
- control over others
- win arguments
- competition and winning
- status and recognition
what is Taylor’s theory?
- most efficient way to get staff to work was through work, study, identity, train and reward // scientific approach
- believes employees were motivated by money and financial rewards
- autocratic leadership
what are the limitations of Taylor’s theory?
- not everyone is motivated by money, so these employees may feel demotivated
- not suitable for all sectors
what is Mayo’s theory?
- employees can be motivated by meeting their social needs
- Human Resources School of Thought –> managers should take more of an interest in workers and interacting together
- concludes that workers are motivated by:
- better communication
- working in groups or teams
- paternalistic leadership style
limitations of Mayo’s theory?
- some variables often changed at the same time and so identifying the exact cause of change in motivation = difficult
- in modern times, workers take these factors for granted
what is herzberg’s theory?
- content theory
- two factor theory: motivating and hygiene
what is a hygiene factor?
pay, working conditions and policies
believed the absence of them caused dissatisfaction, but that employees also may not be motivated by them alone
what is a motivating factor?
job enrichment, recognition, praise, rewarding work, empowerment
what are the limitations of herzberg?
- workers may clarify factors in different ways
- some people may be both motivated by both factors
- may be a challenge to enrich and empower lower skilled workers
what is Maslow’s theory?
- content theory
hierarchical categories that employees need to be motivated: - self-actualisation
- self-esteem
- love/belonging
- safety
- physiological
what is self-actualisation?
- concerned with personal growth and achievement of full potential
what is self-esteem?
- humans look for self-esteem
- seek respect of others, recognition and status
what is love/belonging?
- need friendship and positive relationships
what is safety?
- psychological need to be taken care of
- security, stability and protection are essential
what is physiological?
need for food, shelter and water
what are the limitations of Maslow?
- some employees may not require their higher order needs to be met in work
- it would include a challenge for businesses to identify and include and meet the needs of employees
- needs may not be hierarchical for some employees
What is Vroom’s theory?
EXPECTANCY
- suggests that employees will make a choice to behave in a certain way, instead go another behaviour, because they’re motivated by their choice to be
what is the formula?
expectancy x instrumentality x valence = motivational force
what does expectancy mean in Vroom’s formula?
the belief that if you work hard you will be able to hit the targets set by your manager
what does instrumentality mean in Vroom’s formula?
your assessment of how likely you are to achieve a reward if you hit targets
what does valence mean in Vroom’s formula?
perceived value of the reward to you - can be negative or zero too
what was Drucker’s theory?
- believed good management was crucial
- believed people are an asset, not a cost to be minimised
- concept - ‘Management by Objectives’
- Coined the term ‘knowledge worker’
what are the limitations of Drucker?
- goal-setting theory
- relies on good leadership and effective soft skills
- some employees won’t be motivated by monetary methods
what is Locke’s theory?
- goal-setting theory
- proposed employees like to have goals and enjoy working to meet them
- suggests 5 principles when setting goals: clarity, challenge, feedback, commitment, task complexty
what are the limitations of Locke’s theory?
- employees may neglect their other tasks/roles as they focus on the task set
- just setting targets alone won’t work - managers must facilitate process of achieving them
- goal setting requires monitoring and feedback - time consuming
- demotivating if task isn’t achieved
what is Peter’s theory?
- excellence theory
- ‘In Search of Excellence’
- dealt with how an organisation should try and get excellence from every employee
- critical of the way most large corps were run
