Lower Limb Muscles Flashcards
1
Q
Where does psoas major sit anatomically?
A
Superficial to iliacus and posterior to the inguinal ligament.
2
Q
Where does psoas major originate?
A
Anteroinferior aspect of transverse process (L1-L5) and anterolateral aspect of vertebral bodies (T1-L5) and the adjacent vertebral discs.
3
Q
Where does psoas major insert?
A
Lesser trochanter of the femur
4
Q
What nerve innervates psoas major?
A
Anterior rami of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lumbar nerves.
5
Q
What is the collective name for psoas major and iliacus?
A
Iliopsoas
6
Q
Where is the iliacus muscle found anatomically?
A
Deep to the psoas major muscle and inguinal ligament
7
Q
Where does iliacus originate?
A
Iliac crest and superior 2/3rds of the iliac fossa
8
Q
Where does iliacus insert?
A
Lesser trochanter of the femur via the psoas major tendon.
9
Q
What nerve innervates the iliacus muscle?
A
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
10
Q
What movement is Iliopsoas involved in?
A
contract unilaterally to flex the hip joint and bilaterally to flex the trunk.
11
Q
where is gluteus maximus anatomically?
A
Superficial to the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, gemellus muscles, obturator internus and piriformis muscles.
12
Q
Where does gluteus maximus originate?
A
Area of ilium posterior to the posterior gluteal line, the posterior aspects of sacrum and coccyx and the sacrituberous ligament.
13
Q
Where does gluteus maximus insert?
A
Gluteal tuberosity and the iliotibial tract
14
Q
What nerve innervates gluteus maximus?
A
inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
15
Q
What movement is gluteus maximus involved in?
A
Extends, laterally rotates and abducts the thigh at the hip joint.
16
Q
Where is gluteus medius anatomically?
A
superficial to gluteus minimus and deep to gluteus maximus.
17
Q
Where does gluteus medius originate?
A
Area of ilium located between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines.
18
Q
Where does gluteus medius insert?
A
Lateral aspect of greater trochanter of the femur.
19
Q
What nerve innervates gluteus medius?
A
Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
20
Q
What movement is gluteus medius involved in?
A
Stabilises pelvis when walking and medially rotates and abducts the thigh at the hip joint.
21
Q
Where is gluteus minimus anatomically?
A
Deep to gluteus medius and gluteus maximus.
22
Q
Where does gluteus minimus originate?
A
Area of ilium located between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
23
Q
What does gluteus minimus insert?
A
Anteriolateral aspect of greater trochanter of the femur.
24
Q
What nerve innervates gluteus minimus?
A
Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
25
What movement is gluteus minimus involved in?
Stabilises pelvis when walking and medially rotates and abducts the thigh at the hip joint.
26
What foramen does Piriformis travel through?
Greater sciatic foramen
27
Where does piriformis originate?
Anterior/pelvic surface of the sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament.
28
Where does piriformis insert?
Superior border of greater trochanter of the femur
29
What movement is piriformis involved in?
Laterally rotates and abducts the hip
30
Where do the Gemellus muscles originate?
Superior = ischial spine.
Inferior = ischial tuberosity
31
Where do the gemellus muscles insert?
Greater trochanter of the femur in the trochanteric fossa
32
What movement are the gemellus muscles involved in?
Lateral rotates and abducts the hip
33
What nerves innervates the gemellus muscles?
Superior = nerve to obturator internus
Inferior = nerve to quadratus femoris.
34
Where does obturator internus originate?
Internal surface of obturator foramen
35
Where does the obturator internus muscle insert?
Greater trochanter of the femur in the trochanteric fossa
36
What movement is obturator internus involved in?
Laterally rotates and abducts the hip
37
Where does quadratus femoris originate?
Ischial tuberosity
38
Where does quadratus femoris insert?
Quadrate tubercle of the femur
39
What movement is quadratus femoris involved in?
laterally rotates the thigh
40
What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Tensor fascia latae
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Rectus femoris
41
Where does sartorius originate?
ASIS
42
Where does sartorius insert?
Medial tibia
43
What nerve innervates sartorius?
Femoral nerve (L2-L3)
44
What movement is sartorius involved in?
Flexes and laterally rotates he hip and flexes the knee
45
Where does tensor fascia latae originate?
ASIS
46
Where does tensor fascia latae insert?
Tubercle of iliotibial tract on femur
47
What nerve innervates tensor fascia latae?
Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
48
What movement is tensor fascia latae involved in?
flexes the hip and stabilises the knee
49
Where does Vastus intermedius originate?
Anterior femur
50
Where does Vastus intermedius insert?
Converge into quadriceps tendon becoming patella tendon when passes over patella attaching to the tibial tuberosity.
51
What nerve innervates Vastus intermedius?
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
52
What movement is Vastus intermedius involved in?
Extension of the knee
53
Where does Vastus lateralis originate?
Greater trochanter and linea aspera
54
Where does Vastus lateralis insert?
Converge into quadriceps tendon becoming patella tendon when passes over patella attaching to the tibial tuberosity.
55
What nerve innervates Vastus lateralis?
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
56
What movement is Vastus lateralis involved in?
Extension of the knee
57
Where does Vastus medialis originate?
Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera
58
Where does Vastus medialis insert?
Converge into quadriceps tendon becoming patella tendon when passes over patella attaching to the tibial tuberosity.
59
What nerve innervates Vastus medialis?
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
60
What movement is Vastus medialis involved in?
Extension of the knee
61
Where does rectus femoris originate?
AIIS
62
Where does rectus femoris insert?
Converge into quadriceps tendon becoming patella tendon when passes over patella attaching to the tibial tuberosity.
63
What nerve innervates rectus femoris?
Femoral nerve
64
What movement is rectus femoris involved in?
Extend the knee and flexes the hip
65
What is the collective term for rectus femoris and vastus intermedius, lateralis and medialis?
Quads
66
What muscles are in the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductor longus
pectineus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
Gracilis
obturator externus
67
Where does adductor longus originate?
Body of the pubis and inferior ramus
68
Where does adductor longus insert?
Middle 1/3 of linea aspera
69
What nerve innervates adductor longus?
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
70
What movement is adductor longus involved in?
Adducts the hip + external/lateral rotation
71
Where does pectineus originate?
Superior pubic ramus
72
Where does pectineus insert?
Pectinal line of the femur
73
What nerve innervates pectineus?
Femoral (L2-L3) and obturator nerves (L2-L3)
74
What movement is pectineus invovled in?
Flexes and adducts the hip
75
Where does adductor brevis originate?
Body of pubis and inferior ramus
76
Where does adductor brevis insert?
Pectinal line of the femur and linea aspera
77
What nerve innervates adductor brevis?
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
78
What movement is adductor brevis invovled in?
Adduct the hip joint + external rotation and flexion
79
Where does adductor magnus originate?
Inferior pubic ramus and ischial tuberosity
80
Where does adductor magnus insert?
Gluteal tuberosity, adductor tubercle and linea aspera - 'hole' left known as adductor hiatus
81
What nerve innervates adductor magnus?
Obturator nerve (L2-L4) and tibial division of sciatic nerve.
82
What movement is adductor magnus involved in?
Adduct the hip joint, flexion + medial rotation, extension + lateral rotation
83
Where does Gracilis originate?
Body of pubis and inferior ramus
84
Where does Gracilis insert?
Proximal tibia
85
What nerve innervates the Gracilis muscle?
Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
86
What movement is Gracilis invovled in?
Adduct the hip joint and weakly flexes the knee
87
Where does obturator externus originate?
External surface of obturator foramen
88
Where does obturator externus insert?
Trochanteric fossa on greater trochanter
89
What nerve innervates obturator externus?
Posterior branch of obturator nerve (L3-L4)
90
What movement is obturator externus invovled in?
Lateral rotation
91
What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh?
Semimembranosous
Semitendinosous
Biceps femoris
92
Where does semimembranosous originate?
Ischial tuberosity
93
Where does semimembranosus insert?
Medial condyle of superior tibia
94
What innervates semimebranosus?
Tibial division of sciatic nerve
95
What movement is semimembranosus involved in?
Flexion and medial rotation of the leg
Extension of the hip
96
Where does semitendinosus originate?
Ischial tuberosity
97
Where does semitendinosus insert?
Medial aspect of proximal tibia
98
What nerve innervates semitendinosus?
Tibial division of sciatic nerve
99
What movement is semitendinosus involved in?
Flexion and medial rotation of leg
Extension of hip
100
What are the two heads of biceps femoris?
Long and short
101
Where does long head of biceps femoris originate?
Ischial tuberosity
102
Where does biceps femoris insert?
Long and short head converge to form biceps femoris tendon which inserts at the head of the fibula
103
Where does the short head of biceps femoris originate?
Linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line
104
What nerve innervates biceps femoris?
Short = common fibular division of the sciatic nerve
Long = tibial division of the sciatic nerve
105
What movement is biceps femoris invovled in?
Flexes and laterally rotates leg
Long head also extends hip
106
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius aka peroneus
107
Where does tibialis anterior originate?
Lateral surface of tibia and adjacent interosseous membrane
108
Where does tibialis anterior insert?
Base of 1st metatarsal and adjacent part of 1st cuneiform bone (medial cuneiform)
109
What nerve innervates tibialis anterior?
Deep fibula nerve (L4-L5)
110
What movement is tibialis anterior invovled in?
Dorsiflexion of foot
Inversion of foot
Supports medial arch
111
Where does extensor digitorum longus originate?
Proximal half of medial surface of fibula and related surface of lateral tibial condyle
112
Where does extensor digitorum longus insert?
Dorsal digit expansions into bases of distal and middle phalanges of digits 2-5
113
What nerve innervates extensor digitorum longus?
Deep fibular nerve (L4-5)
114
What movement is extensor digitorum longus involved in?
Extension of digits 2-5
Dorsiflexion of foot
E version
115
Where does extensor hallucis longus originate?
Middle half of medial surface of fibula
116
Where does extensor hallucis longus insert?
Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of 1st digit
117
What nerve innervates extensor hallucis longus?
Deep fibular nerve (L4-L5)
118
What movement is extensor hallucis longus involved in?
Extension of digit 1
Dorsiflexion of foot
Inversion of foot
119
Where does Fibularis tertius originate?
Distal part of medial surface of the fibula
120
Where does Fibularis tertius insert?
Dorsi medial surface of the 5th metatarsal
121
What nerve innervates Fibularis tertius?
Deep fibular nerve (L4-L5)
122
What movement is Fibularis tertius involved in?
Dorsiflexion
Eversion
123
What two muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg?
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
124
Where does Fibularis longus originate?
Upper lateral surface of the fibula and head of the fibula
125
Where does Fibularis longus insert?
Plantar surface of the medial cuneiform bone and base of 1st metatarsal
126
What nerve innervates Fibularis longus?
Superficial fibular nerve (L5-S2)
127
What movement is Fibularis longus involved in?
Eversion of foot
Plantarflexion
Supports transverse arches of foot
128
Where does Fibularis brevis originate?
Lower 2/3 of lateral surface of the shaft of the fibula
129
Where does Fibularis brevis insert?
Lateral tubercle at base of metatarsal 5
130
What nerve innervates Fibularis brevis?
Superficial fibula nerve (L5-S2)
131
What movement is Fibularis brevis involved in?
eversion of foot
Plantarflexion
132
What muscles are in the superficial layer of the posterior leg?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
133
What are the two heads of gastrocnemius?
Medial
Lateral
134
Where does the medial head of gastrocnemius originate?
Posterior surface of medial femoral condyle
135
Where does the lateral head of gastrocnemius originate?
Posterior surface of lateral femoral condyle
136
Where does gastrocnemius insert?
Posterior calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon aka Achilles’ tendon
137
What nerve innervates gastrocnemius?
Tibial nerve
138
What movement is gastrocnemius involved in?
Plantarflexion
Flexes knee at leg
139
Where does Soleus muscle originate?
Head of fibula
Posterior surface of fibula
Soleal line
Medial border of tibia
140
Where does soleus insert?
Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
141
What nerve innervates Soleus?
Tibial nerve
142
What movement is Soleus invovled in?
Plantarflexion
Flexes leg at knee
143
Where does plantaris originate?
Above lateral head of gastrocnemius on lower aspect of lateral supracondylar ridge
144
Where does plantaris insert?
Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
145
What nerve innervates plantaris?
Tibial nerve
146
What movement is plantaris involved with?
Plantar flexion
Flexes lower leg
147
What muscles are in the deep compartment of the posterior leg?
Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
148
Where does popliteus originate?
Lateral surface of lateral femoral condyle
149
Where does popliteus insert?
Posterior surface of proximal tibial shaft
150
What nerve innervates popliteus?
Tibial nerve
151
What movement is popliteus involved in?
Stabilising knee joint by resisting lateral rotation of tibia to femur
Unlocks knee by lateral rotation of femur on tibia
Medial rotation of lower leg
152
Where does flexor hallucis longus originate?
Inferior 2/3s of posterior fibula and inferior interosseous membrane
153
What nerve innervates flexor hallucis longus?
Tibial nerve
154
What movement is flexor hallucis longus involved in?
Flexion of distal phalanx of digit 1
Inversion
Plantarflexion
155
Where does flexor digitorum longus originate?
Medial side of posterior surface of tibia
156
Where does flexor digitorum longus insert?
Plantar surface of bases of distal phalanges 2-5
157
What nerve innervates flexor digitorum longus?
Tibial nerve
158
What movement is flexor digitorum longus invovled in?
Flexion of digits 2-5
Inversion
Plantarflexion
159
Where does tibialis posterior originate?
Posterior surface of interosseous membrane and adjacent regions of tibia and fibula
160
Where does tibialis posterior insert?
Mainly to tuberosity of navicular bone
Also to cuneiforms, Dubois and metatarsals 2-4
161
What nerve innervates tibialis posterior?
Tibial nerve
162
What movement is tibialis posterior invovled in?
Plantarflexion
Inversion
Supports medial arch
163
What are the two intrinsic foot muscles?
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis
164
Where does extensor digitorum brevis originate?
Superolateral surface of calcaneus
165
Where does extensor digitorum brevis insert?
Lateral sides of tendons of extensor digitorum longus on digits 2-4
166
What nerve innervates extensor digitorum brevis?
Deep fibular nerve
167
What movement is extensor digitorum brevis involved in?
Extension of digits 2-4
168
Where does extensor hallucis brevis originate?
Superolateral surface of calcaneus
169
Where does extensor hallucis brevis insert?
Base of proximal phalanx of big toe
170
What nerve supplies extensor hallucis brevis?
Deep fibular nerve
171
What movement is extensor hallucis brevis invovled in?
Extension of metatarsopharngeal joint of 1st digit
172
What muscles are in the first layer of the foot?
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digit minimi
173
Where does abductor hallucis originate?
Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity
174
Where does abductor hallucis insert?
Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe
175
What nerve innervates abductor hallucis ?
Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S1-S3)
176
What movement is abductor hallucis involved in?
Abduction of big toe at metatarsopharangeal joint
177
Where does flexor digitorum brevis originate?
Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis
178
Where does flexor digitorum brevis insert?
Sides of plantar surface of middle phalanges of digits 2-5
179
What nerve innervates flexor digitorum brevis?
Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S1-S3)
180
What movement is flexor digitorum brevis involved in?
Flexion of digits 2-5 at proximal interphalangeal joint
181
Where does abductor digiti minimi originate?
Lateral and medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and the band of connective tissue connecting the calcaneus with base of metatarsal 5
182
Where does abductor digiti minimi insert?
Lateral side of proximal phalanx
183
What nerve innervates abductor digit minimi?
Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve
184
What movement is abductor digiti minimi invovled in?
Abduction of 5th digit at metatarsophalangeal joint
185
What muscles are in the second muscle layer of the foot?
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals (medial side of digits)
186
Where does quadratus plantae originate?
Medial and lateral sides of calcaneus
187
Where does quadratus plantae insert?
Lateral side of tendon of flexor digitorum longus in proximal sole of foot
188
What nerve innervates quadratus plantae?
Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve
189
What movement is quadratus plantae invovled in?
Assyria flexor digitorum longus tendon in flexing digits 2-5
190
Where do the lumbricals of the feet originate?
Tendons of flexor digitorum longus
191
Where do the lumbricals of the feet insert?
Medial margins of extensor hoods of toes 2-5
192
What nerve innervates the lumbricals of the foot?
1 st = medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve
2-4 = lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve
193
What movement are the lumbricals of the feet involved in?
Flexion of metatarsophalangeal joint
Extension of proximal and distal interphalangeal joint
194
What muscles are in the 3rd layer of muscles of the foot?
Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digits minimi brevis
195
Where does flexor hallucis brevis originate?
Plantar surface of cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones
Tendon of tibialis posterior
196
Where does flexor hallucis brevis insert?
Splits into two heads which insert on the medial and lateral sides of the base of the proximal phalanx of digit 1
197
What nerve innervates flexor hallucis brevis?
Medial plantar nerve
198
What movement is flexor hallucis brevis involved in?
Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe
199
What are the two heads of adductor hallucis?
Oblique and transverse heads
200
Where does the oblique head of adductor hallucis originate?
2nd- 4th metatarsals nd the sheath of the tendon of Fibularis longus
201
Where does the transverse head of adductor hallucis originate?
Plantar metatarsophalangeal ligaments of digits 3-5
202
Where does adductor hallucis insert?
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of digit 1
203
What nerve innervates adductor hallucis?
Lateral plantar nerve
204
What movement is adductor hallucis involved in?
Adduction of 1st digit at metacarpophalangeal joint
205
Where does flexor digiti minimi brevis originate?
Base of 5th metatarsal and sheath of Fibularis longus tendon
206
Where does flexor digiti minimi brevis insert?
Extensor hoods and bases of proximal phalanges of toes 3-5
207
What nerve innervates flexor digiti minimi brevis?
Lateral plantar nerve
208
What movement is flexor digiti minimi brevis involved in?
Flexes 5th digit at metatarsophalangeal joint
209
What muscles are in the 4th muscle layer of the foot?
Plantar interossi
Dorsal interossi
210
Where do the plantar interossi originate?
Bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3-5
211
Where do the plantar interossi insert?
Extensor hoods and bases of proximal phalanges of toes 3-5
212
What nerve innervates plantar interossi?
Lateral plantar nerve
213
What movements are the plantar interossi involved in?
Adduction of toes 3-5
Flexion of metatarsophalangeal joints 3-5
Extension of interphalangeal joints digits 3-5
214
Where do the dorsal interossi originate?
Sides of adjacent metatarsals
215
Where do the dorsal interossi insert ?
Extensor hoods of bases of proximal phalanges of toes 2-4
216
What nerve innervates the dorsal interossi of the feet?
Lateral plantar nerve for all
2nd dorsal interossi also innervated by deep fibular nerve
217
What movement are the dorsal interossi of the feet involved in?
Abduction of toes 2-4 at metatarsophalngeal joint
Flexion of metatsophalngeal joint of digits 2-4
Extension of interphalangeal joints of digits 2-4
218
What is meant by PAD DAB?
Plantar interossi ADduct the toes
Dorsal interossi ABduct the toes
