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Control & Movement > Lower Limb Muscles > Flashcards

Lower Limb Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Where does psoas major sit anatomically?

A

Superficial to iliacus and posterior to the inguinal ligament.

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2
Q

Where does psoas major originate?

A

Anteroinferior aspect of transverse process (L1-L5) and anterolateral aspect of vertebral bodies (T1-L5) and the adjacent vertebral discs.

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3
Q

Where does psoas major insert?

A

Lesser trochanter of the femur

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4
Q

What nerve innervates psoas major?

A

Anterior rami of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lumbar nerves.

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5
Q

What is the collective name for psoas major and iliacus?

A

Iliopsoas

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6
Q

Where is the iliacus muscle found anatomically?

A

Deep to the psoas major muscle and inguinal ligament

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7
Q

Where does iliacus originate?

A

Iliac crest and superior 2/3rds of the iliac fossa

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8
Q

Where does iliacus insert?

A

Lesser trochanter of the femur via the psoas major tendon.

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9
Q

What nerve innervates the iliacus muscle?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

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10
Q

What movement is Iliopsoas involved in?

A

contract unilaterally to flex the hip joint and bilaterally to flex the trunk.

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11
Q

where is gluteus maximus anatomically?

A

Superficial to the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, gemellus muscles, obturator internus and piriformis muscles.

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12
Q

Where does gluteus maximus originate?

A

Area of ilium posterior to the posterior gluteal line, the posterior aspects of sacrum and coccyx and the sacrituberous ligament.

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13
Q

Where does gluteus maximus insert?

A

Gluteal tuberosity and the iliotibial tract

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14
Q

What nerve innervates gluteus maximus?

A

inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)

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15
Q

What movement is gluteus maximus involved in?

A

Extends, laterally rotates and abducts the thigh at the hip joint.

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16
Q

Where is gluteus medius anatomically?

A

superficial to gluteus minimus and deep to gluteus maximus.

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17
Q

Where does gluteus medius originate?

A

Area of ilium located between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines.

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18
Q

Where does gluteus medius insert?

A

Lateral aspect of greater trochanter of the femur.

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19
Q

What nerve innervates gluteus medius?

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)

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20
Q

What movement is gluteus medius involved in?

A

Stabilises pelvis when walking and medially rotates and abducts the thigh at the hip joint.

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21
Q

Where is gluteus minimus anatomically?

A

Deep to gluteus medius and gluteus maximus.

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22
Q

Where does gluteus minimus originate?

A

Area of ilium located between anterior and inferior gluteal lines

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23
Q

What does gluteus minimus insert?

A

Anteriolateral aspect of greater trochanter of the femur.

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24
Q

What nerve innervates gluteus minimus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)

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25
Q

What movement is gluteus minimus involved in?

A

Stabilises pelvis when walking and medially rotates and abducts the thigh at the hip joint.

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26
Q

What foramen does Piriformis travel through?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

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27
Q

Where does piriformis originate?

A

Anterior/pelvic surface of the sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament.

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28
Q

Where does piriformis insert?

A

Superior border of greater trochanter of the femur

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29
Q

What movement is piriformis involved in?

A

Laterally rotates and abducts the hip

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30
Q

Where do the Gemellus muscles originate?

A

Superior = ischial spine.
Inferior = ischial tuberosity

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31
Q

Where do the gemellus muscles insert?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur in the trochanteric fossa

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32
Q

What movement are the gemellus muscles involved in?

A

Lateral rotates and abducts the hip

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33
Q

What nerves innervates the gemellus muscles?

A

Superior = nerve to obturator internus
Inferior = nerve to quadratus femoris.

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34
Q

Where does obturator internus originate?

A

Internal surface of obturator foramen

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35
Q

Where does the obturator internus muscle insert?

A

Greater trochanter of the femur in the trochanteric fossa

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36
Q

What movement is obturator internus involved in?

A

Laterally rotates and abducts the hip

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37
Q

Where does quadratus femoris originate?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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38
Q

Where does quadratus femoris insert?

A

Quadrate tubercle of the femur

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39
Q

What movement is quadratus femoris involved in?

A

laterally rotates the thigh

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40
Q

What muscles make up the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Tensor fascia latae
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Rectus femoris

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41
Q

Where does sartorius originate?

A

ASIS

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42
Q

Where does sartorius insert?

A

Medial tibia

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43
Q

What nerve innervates sartorius?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L3)

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44
Q

What movement is sartorius involved in?

A

Flexes and laterally rotates he hip and flexes the knee

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45
Q

Where does tensor fascia latae originate?

A

ASIS

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46
Q

Where does tensor fascia latae insert?

A

Tubercle of iliotibial tract on femur

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47
Q

What nerve innervates tensor fascia latae?

A

Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)

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48
Q

What movement is tensor fascia latae involved in?

A

flexes the hip and stabilises the knee

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49
Q

Where does Vastus intermedius originate?

A

Anterior femur

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50
Q

Where does Vastus intermedius insert?

A

Converge into quadriceps tendon becoming patella tendon when passes over patella attaching to the tibial tuberosity.

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51
Q

What nerve innervates Vastus intermedius?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

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52
Q

What movement is Vastus intermedius involved in?

A

Extension of the knee

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53
Q

Where does Vastus lateralis originate?

A

Greater trochanter and linea aspera

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54
Q

Where does Vastus lateralis insert?

A

Converge into quadriceps tendon becoming patella tendon when passes over patella attaching to the tibial tuberosity.

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55
Q

What nerve innervates Vastus lateralis?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

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56
Q

What movement is Vastus lateralis involved in?

A

Extension of the knee

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57
Q

Where does Vastus medialis originate?

A

Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera

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58
Q

Where does Vastus medialis insert?

A

Converge into quadriceps tendon becoming patella tendon when passes over patella attaching to the tibial tuberosity.

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59
Q

What nerve innervates Vastus medialis?

A

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

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60
Q

What movement is Vastus medialis involved in?

A

Extension of the knee

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61
Q

Where does rectus femoris originate?

A

AIIS

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62
Q

Where does rectus femoris insert?

A

Converge into quadriceps tendon becoming patella tendon when passes over patella attaching to the tibial tuberosity.

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63
Q

What nerve innervates rectus femoris?

A

Femoral nerve

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64
Q

What movement is rectus femoris involved in?

A

Extend the knee and flexes the hip

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65
Q

What is the collective term for rectus femoris and vastus intermedius, lateralis and medialis?

A

Quads

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66
Q

What muscles are in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Adductor longus
pectineus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
Gracilis
obturator externus

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67
Q

Where does adductor longus originate?

A

Body of the pubis and inferior ramus

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68
Q

Where does adductor longus insert?

A

Middle 1/3 of linea aspera

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69
Q

What nerve innervates adductor longus?

A

Obturator nerve (L2-L4)

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70
Q

What movement is adductor longus involved in?

A

Adducts the hip + external/lateral rotation

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71
Q

Where does pectineus originate?

A

Superior pubic ramus

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72
Q

Where does pectineus insert?

A

Pectinal line of the femur

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73
Q

What nerve innervates pectineus?

A

Femoral (L2-L3) and obturator nerves (L2-L3)

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74
Q

What movement is pectineus invovled in?

A

Flexes and adducts the hip

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75
Q

Where does adductor brevis originate?

A

Body of pubis and inferior ramus

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76
Q

Where does adductor brevis insert?

A

Pectinal line of the femur and linea aspera

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77
Q

What nerve innervates adductor brevis?

A

Obturator nerve (L2-L4)

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78
Q

What movement is adductor brevis invovled in?

A

Adduct the hip joint + external rotation and flexion

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79
Q

Where does adductor magnus originate?

A

Inferior pubic ramus and ischial tuberosity

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80
Q

Where does adductor magnus insert?

A

Gluteal tuberosity, adductor tubercle and linea aspera - ‘hole’ left known as adductor hiatus

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81
Q

What nerve innervates adductor magnus?

A

Obturator nerve (L2-L4) and tibial division of sciatic nerve.

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82
Q

What movement is adductor magnus involved in?

A

Adduct the hip joint, flexion + medial rotation, extension + lateral rotation

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83
Q

Where does Gracilis originate?

A

Body of pubis and inferior ramus

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84
Q

Where does Gracilis insert?

A

Proximal tibia

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85
Q

What nerve innervates the Gracilis muscle?

A

Obturator nerve (L2-L4)

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86
Q

What movement is Gracilis invovled in?

A

Adduct the hip joint and weakly flexes the knee

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87
Q

Where does obturator externus originate?

A

External surface of obturator foramen

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88
Q

Where does obturator externus insert?

A

Trochanteric fossa on greater trochanter

89
Q

What nerve innervates obturator externus?

A

Posterior branch of obturator nerve (L3-L4)

90
Q

What movement is obturator externus invovled in?

A

Lateral rotation

91
Q

What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Semimembranosous
Semitendinosous
Biceps femoris

92
Q

Where does semimembranosous originate?

A

Ischial tuberosity

93
Q

Where does semimembranosus insert?

A

Medial condyle of superior tibia

94
Q

What innervates semimebranosus?

A

Tibial division of sciatic nerve

95
Q

What movement is semimembranosus involved in?

A

Flexion and medial rotation of the leg
Extension of the hip

96
Q

Where does semitendinosus originate?

A

Ischial tuberosity

97
Q

Where does semitendinosus insert?

A

Medial aspect of proximal tibia

98
Q

What nerve innervates semitendinosus?

A

Tibial division of sciatic nerve

99
Q

What movement is semitendinosus involved in?

A

Flexion and medial rotation of leg
Extension of hip

100
Q

What are the two heads of biceps femoris?

A

Long and short

101
Q

Where does long head of biceps femoris originate?

A

Ischial tuberosity

102
Q

Where does biceps femoris insert?

A

Long and short head converge to form biceps femoris tendon which inserts at the head of the fibula

103
Q

Where does the short head of biceps femoris originate?

A

Linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line

104
Q

What nerve innervates biceps femoris?

A

Short = common fibular division of the sciatic nerve
Long = tibial division of the sciatic nerve

105
Q

What movement is biceps femoris invovled in?

A

Flexes and laterally rotates leg
Long head also extends hip

106
Q

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius aka peroneus

107
Q

Where does tibialis anterior originate?

A

Lateral surface of tibia and adjacent interosseous membrane

108
Q

Where does tibialis anterior insert?

A

Base of 1st metatarsal and adjacent part of 1st cuneiform bone (medial cuneiform)

109
Q

What nerve innervates tibialis anterior?

A

Deep fibula nerve (L4-L5)

110
Q

What movement is tibialis anterior invovled in?

A

Dorsiflexion of foot
Inversion of foot
Supports medial arch

111
Q

Where does extensor digitorum longus originate?

A

Proximal half of medial surface of fibula and related surface of lateral tibial condyle

112
Q

Where does extensor digitorum longus insert?

A

Dorsal digit expansions into bases of distal and middle phalanges of digits 2-5

113
Q

What nerve innervates extensor digitorum longus?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4-5)

114
Q

What movement is extensor digitorum longus involved in?

A

Extension of digits 2-5
Dorsiflexion of foot
E version

115
Q

Where does extensor hallucis longus originate?

A

Middle half of medial surface of fibula

116
Q

Where does extensor hallucis longus insert?

A

Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of 1st digit

117
Q

What nerve innervates extensor hallucis longus?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4-L5)

118
Q

What movement is extensor hallucis longus involved in?

A

Extension of digit 1
Dorsiflexion of foot
Inversion of foot

119
Q

Where does Fibularis tertius originate?

A

Distal part of medial surface of the fibula

120
Q

Where does Fibularis tertius insert?

A

Dorsi medial surface of the 5th metatarsal

121
Q

What nerve innervates Fibularis tertius?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L4-L5)

122
Q

What movement is Fibularis tertius involved in?

A

Dorsiflexion
Eversion

123
Q

What two muscles make up the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis

124
Q

Where does Fibularis longus originate?

A

Upper lateral surface of the fibula and head of the fibula

125
Q

Where does Fibularis longus insert?

A

Plantar surface of the medial cuneiform bone and base of 1st metatarsal

126
Q

What nerve innervates Fibularis longus?

A

Superficial fibular nerve (L5-S2)

127
Q

What movement is Fibularis longus involved in?

A

Eversion of foot
Plantarflexion
Supports transverse arches of foot

128
Q

Where does Fibularis brevis originate?

A

Lower 2/3 of lateral surface of the shaft of the fibula

129
Q

Where does Fibularis brevis insert?

A

Lateral tubercle at base of metatarsal 5

130
Q

What nerve innervates Fibularis brevis?

A

Superficial fibula nerve (L5-S2)

131
Q

What movement is Fibularis brevis involved in?

A

eversion of foot
Plantarflexion

132
Q

What muscles are in the superficial layer of the posterior leg?

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

133
Q

What are the two heads of gastrocnemius?

A

Medial
Lateral

134
Q

Where does the medial head of gastrocnemius originate?

A

Posterior surface of medial femoral condyle

135
Q

Where does the lateral head of gastrocnemius originate?

A

Posterior surface of lateral femoral condyle

136
Q

Where does gastrocnemius insert?

A

Posterior calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon aka Achilles’ tendon

137
Q

What nerve innervates gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial nerve

138
Q

What movement is gastrocnemius involved in?

A

Plantarflexion
Flexes knee at leg

139
Q

Where does Soleus muscle originate?

A

Head of fibula
Posterior surface of fibula
Soleal line
Medial border of tibia

140
Q

Where does soleus insert?

A

Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

141
Q

What nerve innervates Soleus?

A

Tibial nerve

142
Q

What movement is Soleus invovled in?

A

Plantarflexion
Flexes leg at knee

143
Q

Where does plantaris originate?

A

Above lateral head of gastrocnemius on lower aspect of lateral supracondylar ridge

144
Q

Where does plantaris insert?

A

Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

145
Q

What nerve innervates plantaris?

A

Tibial nerve

146
Q

What movement is plantaris involved with?

A

Plantar flexion
Flexes lower leg

147
Q

What muscles are in the deep compartment of the posterior leg?

A

Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior

148
Q

Where does popliteus originate?

A

Lateral surface of lateral femoral condyle

149
Q

Where does popliteus insert?

A

Posterior surface of proximal tibial shaft

150
Q

What nerve innervates popliteus?

A

Tibial nerve

151
Q

What movement is popliteus involved in?

A

Stabilising knee joint by resisting lateral rotation of tibia to femur
Unlocks knee by lateral rotation of femur on tibia
Medial rotation of lower leg

152
Q

Where does flexor hallucis longus originate?

A

Inferior 2/3s of posterior fibula and inferior interosseous membrane

153
Q

What nerve innervates flexor hallucis longus?

A

Tibial nerve

154
Q

What movement is flexor hallucis longus involved in?

A

Flexion of distal phalanx of digit 1
Inversion
Plantarflexion

155
Q

Where does flexor digitorum longus originate?

A

Medial side of posterior surface of tibia

156
Q

Where does flexor digitorum longus insert?

A

Plantar surface of bases of distal phalanges 2-5

157
Q

What nerve innervates flexor digitorum longus?

A

Tibial nerve

158
Q

What movement is flexor digitorum longus invovled in?

A

Flexion of digits 2-5
Inversion
Plantarflexion

159
Q

Where does tibialis posterior originate?

A

Posterior surface of interosseous membrane and adjacent regions of tibia and fibula

160
Q

Where does tibialis posterior insert?

A

Mainly to tuberosity of navicular bone
Also to cuneiforms, Dubois and metatarsals 2-4

161
Q

What nerve innervates tibialis posterior?

A

Tibial nerve

162
Q

What movement is tibialis posterior invovled in?

A

Plantarflexion
Inversion
Supports medial arch

163
Q

What are the two intrinsic foot muscles?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis

164
Q

Where does extensor digitorum brevis originate?

A

Superolateral surface of calcaneus

165
Q

Where does extensor digitorum brevis insert?

A

Lateral sides of tendons of extensor digitorum longus on digits 2-4

166
Q

What nerve innervates extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Deep fibular nerve

167
Q

What movement is extensor digitorum brevis involved in?

A

Extension of digits 2-4

168
Q

Where does extensor hallucis brevis originate?

A

Superolateral surface of calcaneus

169
Q

Where does extensor hallucis brevis insert?

A

Base of proximal phalanx of big toe

170
Q

What nerve supplies extensor hallucis brevis?

A

Deep fibular nerve

171
Q

What movement is extensor hallucis brevis invovled in?

A

Extension of metatarsopharngeal joint of 1st digit

172
Q

What muscles are in the first layer of the foot?

A

Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digit minimi

173
Q

Where does abductor hallucis originate?

A

Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity

174
Q

Where does abductor hallucis insert?

A

Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe

175
Q

What nerve innervates abductor hallucis ?

A

Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S1-S3)

176
Q

What movement is abductor hallucis involved in?

A

Abduction of big toe at metatarsopharangeal joint

177
Q

Where does flexor digitorum brevis originate?

A

Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis

178
Q

Where does flexor digitorum brevis insert?

A

Sides of plantar surface of middle phalanges of digits 2-5

179
Q

What nerve innervates flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve (S1-S3)

180
Q

What movement is flexor digitorum brevis involved in?

A

Flexion of digits 2-5 at proximal interphalangeal joint

181
Q

Where does abductor digiti minimi originate?

A

Lateral and medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and the band of connective tissue connecting the calcaneus with base of metatarsal 5

182
Q

Where does abductor digiti minimi insert?

A

Lateral side of proximal phalanx

183
Q

What nerve innervates abductor digit minimi?

A

Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve

184
Q

What movement is abductor digiti minimi invovled in?

A

Abduction of 5th digit at metatarsophalangeal joint

185
Q

What muscles are in the second muscle layer of the foot?

A

Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals (medial side of digits)

186
Q

Where does quadratus plantae originate?

A

Medial and lateral sides of calcaneus

187
Q

Where does quadratus plantae insert?

A

Lateral side of tendon of flexor digitorum longus in proximal sole of foot

188
Q

What nerve innervates quadratus plantae?

A

Lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve

189
Q

What movement is quadratus plantae invovled in?

A

Assyria flexor digitorum longus tendon in flexing digits 2-5

190
Q

Where do the lumbricals of the feet originate?

A

Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

191
Q

Where do the lumbricals of the feet insert?

A

Medial margins of extensor hoods of toes 2-5

192
Q

What nerve innervates the lumbricals of the foot?

A

1 st = medial plantar nerve from tibial nerve
2-4 = lateral plantar nerve from tibial nerve

193
Q

What movement are the lumbricals of the feet involved in?

A

Flexion of metatarsophalangeal joint
Extension of proximal and distal interphalangeal joint

194
Q

What muscles are in the 3rd layer of muscles of the foot?

A

Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digits minimi brevis

195
Q

Where does flexor hallucis brevis originate?

A

Plantar surface of cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones
Tendon of tibialis posterior

196
Q

Where does flexor hallucis brevis insert?

A

Splits into two heads which insert on the medial and lateral sides of the base of the proximal phalanx of digit 1

197
Q

What nerve innervates flexor hallucis brevis?

A

Medial plantar nerve

198
Q

What movement is flexor hallucis brevis involved in?

A

Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe

199
Q

What are the two heads of adductor hallucis?

A

Oblique and transverse heads

200
Q

Where does the oblique head of adductor hallucis originate?

A

2nd- 4th metatarsals nd the sheath of the tendon of Fibularis longus

201
Q

Where does the transverse head of adductor hallucis originate?

A

Plantar metatarsophalangeal ligaments of digits 3-5

202
Q

Where does adductor hallucis insert?

A

Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of digit 1

203
Q

What nerve innervates adductor hallucis?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

204
Q

What movement is adductor hallucis involved in?

A

Adduction of 1st digit at metacarpophalangeal joint

205
Q

Where does flexor digiti minimi brevis originate?

A

Base of 5th metatarsal and sheath of Fibularis longus tendon

206
Q

Where does flexor digiti minimi brevis insert?

A

Extensor hoods and bases of proximal phalanges of toes 3-5

207
Q

What nerve innervates flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

208
Q

What movement is flexor digiti minimi brevis involved in?

A

Flexes 5th digit at metatarsophalangeal joint

209
Q

What muscles are in the 4th muscle layer of the foot?

A

Plantar interossi
Dorsal interossi

210
Q

Where do the plantar interossi originate?

A

Bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3-5

211
Q

Where do the plantar interossi insert?

A

Extensor hoods and bases of proximal phalanges of toes 3-5

212
Q

What nerve innervates plantar interossi?

A

Lateral plantar nerve

213
Q

What movements are the plantar interossi involved in?

A

Adduction of toes 3-5
Flexion of metatarsophalangeal joints 3-5
Extension of interphalangeal joints digits 3-5

214
Q

Where do the dorsal interossi originate?

A

Sides of adjacent metatarsals

215
Q

Where do the dorsal interossi insert ?

A

Extensor hoods of bases of proximal phalanges of toes 2-4

216
Q

What nerve innervates the dorsal interossi of the feet?

A

Lateral plantar nerve for all
2nd dorsal interossi also innervated by deep fibular nerve

217
Q

What movement are the dorsal interossi of the feet involved in?

A

Abduction of toes 2-4 at metatarsophalngeal joint
Flexion of metatsophalngeal joint of digits 2-4
Extension of interphalangeal joints of digits 2-4

218
Q

What is meant by PAD DAB?

A

Plantar interossi ADduct the toes
Dorsal interossi ABduct the toes

Control & Movement (36 decks)

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