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Control & Movement > Control L6 brainstem and intro to the cerebellum > Flashcards

Control L6 brainstem and intro to the cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general functions of the brainstem?

A

conduit and relay of signals
integration of pathways
Contains reflex centres and nuclei of cranial nerves

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2
Q

What are some behaviours/functions controlled by the brain stem?

A

Consciousness
Cardiovascular functions
Respiratory functions
Perception of pain
Influences motor patterns including balance, posture and muscle tone

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3
Q

What components of the ventricular system run through the brainstem?

A

Fourth ventricle and the cerebral aquaduct

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4
Q

What are the brain areas surrounding the brain stem?

A

Midbrain continuous with dienchephalon rostrally
Spinal cord caudally (continuous with the medulla at the level of the foramen magnum)
Clivus of the occipital bone ventrally
Cerebellum dorsally

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5
Q

What are the three sub divisions of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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6
Q

What part of the brainstem do 10/12 of the cranial nerves come from?

A

Tectum

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7
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the CNS not the brainstem?

A

Cranial nerves I and II

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8
Q

Which part of the nervous system are cranial nerve III - XII a part of?

A

Peripheral nervous system

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9
Q

What are the three areas of the brainstem?

A

Tectum
Tegmentum
Basal area

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10
Q

Where in the brainstem is the tectum found?

A

Posterior to the ventricular system

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11
Q

What areas of the brainstem are anterior to the ventricular system?

A

Tegmentum
Basal area

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12
Q

What travels down through the basal area?

A

Descending motor pathways

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13
Q

What travels/emerges from the tectum?

A

Cranial nerves III-XII

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14
Q

What area is in the pons?

A

The basal area

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15
Q

What is the pontomedullary junction?

A

Division between the medulla and the pons

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16
Q

Where is the anterior median fissue seen on the brainstem?

A

Ventral view on anterior surface of the medulla

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17
Q

What are the bulges that surround the anterior median fissue?

A

Pyramids of the medulla

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18
Q

What travels beneath the pyramids of the medulla?

A

Descending motor axons

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19
Q

What is the point where the anterior median fissue disappears called?

A

Decussation of the pyramids

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20
Q

What happens at the decussation of pyramids?

A

The nerve fibres cross over (as left brain supplies right body and vice versa)

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21
Q

What is found laterally to the pyramids of the medulla?

A

The olives of the medulla

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22
Q

What marks the division between the olives and pyramids of the medulla?

A

Anterolateral sulcus

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23
Q

What nerve fibres emerge at the anterolateral sulcus?

A

Cranial nerve XII

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24
Q

What nerves emerge laterally to the olives?

A

IX, X and some fibres of XI

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25
Q

What is the name of the area where cranial nerves IX, X and some fibres of XI emerge?

A

Posterolateral sulcus

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26
Q

What is the diamond shape seen in the dorsal view of the brain stem?

A

Floor of the 4th ventricle

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27
Q

What runs in the midline of the medulla seen from a dorsal view?

A

Posterior median fissure

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28
Q

What are the elevations either side of the posterior medulla fissure called?

A

Gracile fascicle

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29
Q

What are fasicicles?

A

Groups of axons

30
Q

What sit laterally to the gracile fascicles?

A

The cuneate fascicles

31
Q

What are the tubercles at the top of the gracile and cuneate fascicles called?

A

The gracile and cuneate tubercles respectively

32
Q

What is contained in the gracile and cuneate tubercles?

A

Cell bodies

33
Q

What is the rostral medulla also called?

A

Open medulla

34
Q

Why is the rostral medulla called the open medulla?

A

It opens to the 4th ventricle

35
Q

What is another name for the caudal medulla? Why?

A

Closed medulla - a membrane separates it from the 4th ventricle

36
Q

What is the area where the fourth ventricle connects to the central canal of the spinal cord called?

A

Obex

37
Q

What part of the medulla are the gracile and cuneate tubercles found?

A

Closed/caudal medulla

38
Q

What part of the medulla are the olives found?

A

The open medulla

39
Q

What part of the medulla are the pyramids found?

A

Both open and closed medulla

40
Q

What is contained in the olives?

A

Nucleus

41
Q

What connects the cerebellum to the brain stem?

A

Inferior cerebella penduncles?

42
Q

What is the pontomesencephalic junction?

A

Where the medulla becomes the pons

43
Q

What is the structure of the pons and its relation to the cerebellum?

A

Horizontal/transverse fibres that allow the hemispheres of the cerebellum to communicate

44
Q

What is the groove in the middle of the horizontal fibres over the pons called?

A

The basilar groove

45
Q

What nerve emerges from the middle of ventral pons?

A

Sensory and motor root of cranial nerve 5

46
Q

What is the area called where the pons meets the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellopontine angle

47
Q

What nerves emerge from the cerebellopontine angle?

A

Cranial nerves V, VI, VII and VIII

48
Q

Where does cranial nerve VI emerge?

A

Pontomedullary junction

49
Q

What are the three cerebella peduncles?

A

Superior, middle and inferior

50
Q

What is the bump seen in the middle of the floor of the 4th ventricle called?

A

Facial colliculus

51
Q

What sits in the basilar groove?

A

The basilar artery

52
Q

What is the name for the descending motor fibres in the pons?

A

Corticospinal fibres

53
Q

Why do the corticospinal fibres look less organised in the pons compared to the medulla?

A

They are interrupted by horizontal fibres so are less organised

54
Q

Where does the cerebral aqueduct begin?

A

At the level of the rostral pons

55
Q

What sits below the facial colliculus?

A

Nucleus of cranial nerve VI and fibres of cranial nerve VII which wrap around it

56
Q

What separates the pons from the midbrain?

A

The pontomesencephalic junction

57
Q

What connects the brain stem with the cerebrum?

A

Cerebral peduncles

58
Q

What sits in between the cerebral peduncles?

A

The interpeduncluar fossa containing the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

59
Q

Where does cranial nerve III emerge?

A

Interpeduncular fossa

60
Q

Where does cranial nerve IV emerge?

A

Dorsal surface of the midbrain (wraps around to emerge anteriorly)

61
Q

What are the four bumps seen in a dorsal view of the midbrain?

A

The paired superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

62
Q

What connects the superior and inferior colliculus to the thalamus?

A

The brachium of the superior and inferior colliculus

63
Q

What connects the cerebral peduncle to the tegmentum?

A

The substantia nigra

64
Q

What area of the brainstem are the superior and inferior colliculus of the medulla?

A

The tectum

65
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

A complex, diffuse and multi synaptic network of neurones within the tegmentum of the brainstem

66
Q

What makes up the reticular formation?

A

Reticular nuclei
Vital autonomic centre
Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
Pain modulation centre
Sleep wake cycle
Arousal centre

67
Q

What is the role of the reticular nuclei?

A

Gives rise to the reticulospinal tract to send descending motor fibres for voluntary motion, breathing and consciousness

68
Q

What is the role of the vital autonomic centres?

A

Vital respiratory and cardiovascular functions e.g. heart rate and breathing

69
Q

What is the role of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)?

A

Travels to the cortex arose the brain into consciousness

70
Q

How will patient’s with damage to the ARAS present?

A

In a coma as they cannot gain consciousness

71
Q

What arteries supply the brainstem?

A

Superior cerebellar (SCA)
Basilar - including lateral pontine arteries
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Vertebral arteries - lateral and paramedian branches

Control & Movement (36 decks)

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