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Control & Movement > Control L4 meninges and ventricles > Flashcards

Control L4 meninges and ventricles Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers of the meninges surround the CNS?

A

3

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2
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A

To protect the CNS

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3
Q

What is the outer layer of the meninges called?

A

The dura mater

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4
Q

What is the middle layer of the meninges?

A

Arachnoid mater

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5
Q

What is the inner layer of the meninges called?

A

The pia mater

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6
Q

What is the toughest layer of meninges?

A

The dura mater

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7
Q

What artery is in the dura mater?

A

The middle meningeal artery

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8
Q

What injury is caused by a bleed from the middle meningeal artery?

A

An extradural haemorrhage

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9
Q

What properties does the dura mater have?

A

Tough, fibrous, protective

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10
Q

What are the properties of the arachnoid mater?

A

Thin, delicate and spider web like

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11
Q

What is the most vascular layer of the meninges?

A

The arachnoid layer

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12
Q

What are the properties of the pia mater?

A

Microscopically thin and follows the gyri and sulci

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13
Q

How many layers of cranial dura /is the dura mater split into?

A

2

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14
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater callled?

A

Periosteal and meningeal dura mater

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15
Q

Between which layers are the arachnoid villi/granulations located?

A

The periosteal dura and meningeal dura

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16
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater called?

A

The subarachnoid space

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17
Q

Which layers of the skull/brain are fused in real life?

A

The skin, skull and dura and arachnoid mater

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18
Q

What fills the subarachnoid space?

A

Arteries and veins and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

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19
Q

What forms the double layers dural fold/septa?

A

The separation of the inner and outer dural layer. The inner dural layers fuse together producing a fold

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20
Q

Where is the main dural fold?

A

Separating the hemispheres of the brain

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21
Q

What is contained in the space between the inner and outer dural layers at the dural fold?

A

Dural venous sinus containing venous blood

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22
Q

What are the three dural folds? Where are they found?

A

The falx cerebri - in sagittal plane -separating two cerebral hemispheres = crescent shape
The tentorium cerebelli - in horizontal plane - separates the cerebrum and cerebellum
The flax cerebelli- in sagittal plane - separates the cerebellum hemispheres

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23
Q

What bone does the falx cerebri attach to?

A

The crysta galli of the ethmoid bone and the internal occipital tuberance of the occipital bone

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24
Q

What is the name of the dural venous sinus at the falx cerebri?

A

The superior sagittal sinus

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25
Q

What is the name of the dural venous sinus at the tentorium cerebelli?

A

The transverse sinus

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26
Q

How many transverse sinuses are there?

A

2 - one on each side of the head

27
Q

What causes dural venous sinuses in the brain?

A

Separation of the dural layer

28
Q

What is different about the meningeal layers in the spine compared to the brain?

A

Only one layer of dura mater - meningeal dura only
There is a layer of fat between the dura and the vertebrae

29
Q

What is the spinal cord enclosed in?

A

A dural sac

30
Q

Spinal nerve roots are ensheathed in dura. True or false?

A

True

31
Q

What is the space with layer of fat in the dura sac in the spine called?

A

The epidural sac

32
Q

Both the brain and spinal cord have a subarachnoid space containing CSF. True or false?

A

True

33
Q

What is the name of the ligaments in the dural sac?

A

Denticulate ligaments

34
Q

What layer are the denticulate ligaments from?

A

The pia mater

35
Q

Where on a cadaver are denticulate ligaments?

A

Between each spinal nerve

36
Q

The dura mater is not attached to the arachnoid mater in the spinal cord of a healthy person. True or false?

A

False

37
Q

What are potential/pathological areas of space in the meninges?

A

The epidural space in the cranial cavity and the subdural space in both the brain and spinal cord

38
Q

What are real areas of space in the minges?

A

The epidural space in the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space in both the brain and spinal cord

39
Q

In what part of the meninges does an extradural haemorrhage?

A

In the epidural space of the brain/skull

40
Q

Where does CSF come from?

A

A filtrate from blood produced in ventricles by specialised areas of the ventricular lining called the choroid plexus

41
Q

What are the properties of CSF?

A

Clear and colourless fluid
Contains glucose and inorganic salts
Has little proteins and few cells

42
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Provides physical protection and chemical stability for the CNS

43
Q

How many vesicles are in the brain?

A

4

44
Q

What are the two ‘canals’ in the ventricular system of the brain?

A

The cerebral aqueduct and the central canal

45
Q

Why do the cerebral hemispheres adopt a c-shape?

A

Due to the folding of the telencephalon over the diencephalon during development

46
Q

What does the ventricular system look like from the side?

A

Like a hand grabbing a dragon or an alien in a space ship

47
Q

What are the largest ventricles in the brain?

A

The lateral ventricles

48
Q

How many lateral ventricles are there?

A

2 - one in each hemisphere

49
Q

Where in the brain are the lateral ventricles found?

A

In all lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

50
Q

Where in the brain is the 3rd ventricle located?

A

Below the thalamus

51
Q

Where in the brain is the 4th ventricle located?

A

Posterior to the brainstem on the inferior aspect of the pons and superior aspect of the medulla oblongata, anteriorly to the cerebellum

52
Q

What are the five main areas of the lateral ventricle?

A

The anterior horn
The body
The antrum
The posterior horn
The inferior horn

53
Q

Where is the intra ventricular foramen?

A

Between the anterior horn and the 3rd ventricle

54
Q

What connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?

A

The cerebral aqueduct

55
Q

How does the CSF leave the ventricles into the subarachnoid space?

A

Out of the Luschka foramina/lateral apertures and the Magendie foramen/the medial aperture of the 4th ventricle

56
Q

Where are the chorid plexuses found?

A

In the ventricles of the brain

57
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

A

To filter the blood and produce CSF

58
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

At the arachnoid granulations/villi into the venous circulation at the superior sagittal sinus

59
Q

What are cisterns?

A

Expansions of the subarachnoid space

60
Q

What is the most important cistern in the brain?

A

The lumbar cistern

61
Q

Where is a CSF sample usually take from?

A

The lumbar cistern

62
Q

Why is CSF sample usually taken from the lumbar cistern?

A

As the spinal cord has usually ended (between T12-L3) so less risk of puncturing the spinal cord

63
Q

What vein does CSF usually end up in?

A

The IJV

64
Q

What causes hydrocephalus?

A

Accumulation of CSF in the brain due to a blockage in the draining system.

Control & Movement (36 decks)

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