Control L22 Posture and Gait Flashcards
What muscle groups are involved in standing posture?
What is hypotonia?
Reduced muscle tone = floppiness of limbs
What is hypertonia?
Aka spasticity which is increased muscle tone
What is bipedalism?
The act of moving on two feet
What are three parts of the appendicular skeleton that are often thought to be axial?
Scapula
Clavicle
Pelvis
They are appendicular skeleton NOT axial
What causes development of secondary curves (cervical and lumbar curves) in the spine?
Learning to sit up and walk as helps lower limb bear the weight of the trunk and neck weight of head
What is another name for a secondary curve if the spine (curve we develop after birth)?
Lordosis
What is another name for a primary curve of the spine (a curve we’ret born with)?
Kyphosis
How does the pelvis help with weight bearing?
- Weight of body is transferred centrally through the spine
- Distributed laterally at the pelvis via sacrum and ilia
- Weight transferred from the ilia through the femurs
- Pubic rami form struts (or braces) which help maintain integrity of the arch
What is the only joint connecting the upper limb to the axial skeleton? Why is this beneficial?
The sternoclavicular joint - allows large range of movement of upper limb
What joints/connections connect the lower limb and pelvis to the axial skeleton? What does this mean?
the sacraoiliac joint posteriorly
Pubic symphysis connects each hip bone anteriorly causing circular structure
This means the lower limb has less range of movement
How is the femur adapted to weight bear?
The femur is angled inwards towards the knee to bring the legs closer to the centre axis of the body allowing the knee and ankle joints to sit under the pelvis to improve weight bearing
What is a Q angle?
What direction does the patella usually dislocate?
Laterally
What can cause dislocation of the patella?
What is meant by the term plantigrade?
The whole length of the foot is set down on the ground
What is meant by the term digitgrade?
Standing and waking on toes
How is the human foot structured for weight bearing?
Calcaneus acts as a large weight bearing bone
Longitudinal and transverse arches distribute weight (act as a shock absorber)
Big toe is in line with the rest of the toes and is not opposable
What are the roles of the foot?
Provides stability = weight bearing, shock absorption and propels body through space
Probes flexibility
Where does the centre of gravity pass in humans when upright?
What muscles are active when a person is standing at ease?
Erector spinae
Iliopsoas
Plantar flexor muscles of the lower leg
When standing upright at ease, what position are the joints of the lower limb in?
Hip and knee joints are extended and supporting ligaments are taut so are in the most stable position
Which muscles protract the scapula?
Serratus anterior
Pec minor
Which muscles retract the scapula?
Middle fibres of trapezius
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
What is the normal lumbosacral angle (at lumbral lordosis)?
30-45 degrees
What is the role of erector spinae?
Extension and lateral flexion of the spine
What is the role of psoas major?
Flexion and external rotation of the thigh
What movement occurs when the external and internal oblique muscles contract together?
Lateral flexion of the trunk
What is an example of a muscle that can forward flex the lumbar spine?
Rectus abdominis